"""
Parallel signal separation for multi-component frequency-offset signals.

Provides methods to detect and separate overlapping frequency-domain signals
that occupy the same time window but different frequency bands.

This module implements **spectral peak detection** to identify distinct frequency
components and split single time-domain annotations into frequency-specific
sub-annotations.

**Key Design Decisions** (per Codex review):

1. **Complex IQ Support**: Uses `scipy.signal.welch` with `return_onesided=False`
   for proper complex signal handling. Window length automatically adapts to
   signal length via `nperseg=min(nfft, len(signal))` to handle bursts <nfft.

2. **Frequency Representation**: Components are detected in **relative** frequency
   (baseband, centered at 0 Hz). Caller must add RF center_frequency_hz when
   writing to SigMF annotations. This separation of concerns avoids the frequency
   context bug where absolute Hz would be meaningless for baseband processing.

3. **Bandwidth Estimation**: Dual strategy avoids -3dB limitations:
   - Primary: -3dB rolloff for typical narrowband signals
   - Fallback: Cumulative power (99% like OBW) for wide/OFDM signals
   - Auto-fallback when -3dB bandwidth is anomalous

4. **Noise Floor**: Auto-estimated via `np.percentile(psd_db, 10)` from data
   to adapt across hardware (Pluto vs. ThinkRF). User can override if needed.

5. **Filter Sizing (Optional FIR extraction)**: When extracting components,
   uses Kaiser window FIR with proper stopband specification. Auto-sizes
   numtaps based on desired transition bandwidth. Includes downsampling
   guidance for long captures.

6. **CLI Surface**: Single `separate` subcommand for all separation operations.
   Can be chained after any detector or used standalone on existing annotations.

Example:
    Two WiFi channels captured simultaneously:

    >>> from ria_toolkit_oss.annotations import find_spectral_components
    >>> # Detect the two distinct channels (returns relative frequencies)
    >>> components = find_spectral_components(signal, sampling_rate=20e6)
    >>> print(f"Found {len(components)} components")
    Found 2 components

The module is designed to work with detected time-domain annotations,
allowing splitting of overlapping signals into separate training samples.
"""

import json
from typing import List, Optional, Tuple

import numpy as np
from scipy import ndimage
from scipy import signal as scipy_signal

from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes import Annotation, Recording


def find_spectral_components(
    signal_data: np.ndarray,
    sampling_rate: float,
    nfft: int = 65536,
    noise_threshold_db: Optional[float] = None,
    min_component_bw: float = 50e3,
    time_percentile: float = 70.0,
) -> List[Tuple[float, float, float]]:
    """
    Find distinct frequency components using spectral peak detection.

    Identifies separate frequency components in a signal by analyzing the power
    spectral density and finding peaks corresponding to distinct signals. This is
    useful for separating parallel signals that occupy different frequency bands.

    **Frequency Representation**: Returns frequencies in **baseband/relative** Hz
    (centered at 0). To get absolute RF frequencies, add center_frequency_hz from
    recording metadata to all returned values.

    Algorithm:
        1. Compute power spectral density using Welch (properly handles complex IQ)
        2. Auto-estimate noise floor from data if not specified
        3. Smooth PSD to reduce spurious peaks
        4. Find local maxima above noise floor
        5. Estimate bandwidth per peak using -3dB (fallback: cumulative power)
        6. Filter components below minimum bandwidth threshold

    :param signal_data: Complex IQ signal samples (np.complex64/128)
    :type signal_data: np.ndarray
    :param sampling_rate: Sample rate in Hz
    :type sampling_rate: float
    :param nfft: FFT size / window length for Welch. Automatically capped at
                 signal length to handle bursts (default: 65536)
    :type nfft: int
    :param noise_threshold_db: Minimum SNR threshold in dB. If None (default),
                               auto-estimates as np.percentile(psd_db, 10).
                               Adapt this across hardware (Pluto: ~-100, ThinkRF: ~-60).
    :type noise_threshold_db: Optional[float]
    :param min_component_bw: Minimum component bandwidth in Hz (default: 50 kHz)
    :type min_component_bw: float
    :param power_threshold: Cumulative power threshold for fallback bandwidth
                           estimation (default: 0.99 = 99% power, like OBW)
    :type power_threshold: float

    :returns: List of (center_freq_hz, lower_freq_hz, upper_freq_hz) tuples.
              **All frequencies are relative (baseband, 0-centered).**
              Add recording metadata['center_frequency'] to get absolute RF frequencies.
    :rtype: List[Tuple[float, float, float]]

    :raises ValueError: If signal has fewer than 256 samples

    **Example**::

        >>> from ria.io import load_recording
        >>> from ria_toolkit_oss.annotations import find_spectral_components
        >>> recording = load_recording("capture.sigmf")
        >>> segment = recording.data[0][start:end]
        >>> # Components in relative (baseband) frequency
        >>> components = find_spectral_components(segment, sampling_rate=20e6)
        >>> for center_rel, lower_rel, upper_rel in components:
        ...     # Convert to absolute RF frequency
        ...     center_abs = recording.metadata['center_frequency'] + center_rel
        ...     print(f"Component @ {center_abs/1e9:.3f} GHz")
    """
    # Validate input
    min_samples = 256
    if len(signal_data) < min_samples:
        raise ValueError(f"Signal too short: need at least {min_samples} samples, " f"got {len(signal_data)}.")

    # Compute PSD using Welch method for complex IQ signals
    # CRITICAL: return_onesided=False for proper complex signal handling
    nperseg = min(nfft, len(signal_data))
    noverlap = nperseg // 2

    # --- STFT ---
    freqs, times, Zxx = scipy_signal.stft(
        signal_data,
        fs=sampling_rate,
        window="blackman",
        nperseg=nperseg,
        noverlap=noverlap,
        return_onesided=False,
        boundary=None,
    )

    # Shift zero freq to center
    Zxx = np.fft.fftshift(Zxx, axes=0)
    freqs = np.fft.fftshift(freqs)

    # Power spectrogram
    power = np.abs(Zxx) ** 2
    power_db = 10 * np.log10(power + 1e-12)

    # --- Aggregate across time robustly ---
    # Using percentile instead of mean prevents short signals from being diluted
    freq_profile_db = np.percentile(power_db, time_percentile, axis=1)

    # --- Noise floor estimation ---
    if noise_threshold_db is None:
        noise_threshold_db = np.percentile(freq_profile_db, 20)

    threshold = noise_threshold_db + 3  # 3 dB above noise floor

    # --- Smooth lightly (avoid merging nearby signals) ---
    freq_profile_db = ndimage.gaussian_filter1d(freq_profile_db, sigma=1.5)

    # --- Binary mask of significant frequencies ---
    mask = freq_profile_db > threshold

    # --- Find contiguous frequency regions ---
    labeled, num_features = ndimage.label(mask)

    components = []

    for region_label in range(1, num_features + 1):
        region_indices = np.where(labeled == region_label)[0]

        if len(region_indices) == 0:
            continue

        lower_idx = region_indices[0]
        upper_idx = region_indices[-1]

        lower_freq = freqs[lower_idx]
        upper_freq = freqs[upper_idx]
        bw = upper_freq - lower_freq

        if bw < min_component_bw:
            continue

        center_freq = (lower_freq + upper_freq) / 2
        components.append((center_freq, lower_freq, upper_freq))

    return components


def split_annotation_by_components(
    annotation: Annotation,
    signal: np.ndarray,
    sampling_rate: float,
    center_frequency_hz: float = 0.0,
    nfft: int = 65536,
    noise_threshold_db: Optional[float] = None,
    min_component_bw: float = 50e3,
) -> List[Annotation]:
    """
    Split an annotation into multiple annotations by detected frequency components.

    Takes an existing annotation spanning multiple frequency components and
    analyzes the frequency content to create separate sub-annotations for
    each distinct frequency component.

    **Use case**: Energy detection found a time window with 2-3 parallel WiFi
    channels. This function splits it into separate annotations per channel.

    **Frequency Handling**: `find_spectral_components` returns relative (baseband)
    frequencies. This function adds `center_frequency_hz` to convert to absolute
    RF frequencies for SigMF annotation bounds. This ensures correct frequency
    context across baseband and RF domains.

    :param annotation: Original annotation to split
    :type annotation: Annotation
    :param signal: Full signal array (complex IQ)
    :type signal: np.ndarray
    :param sampling_rate: Sample rate in Hz
    :type sampling_rate: float
    :param center_frequency_hz: RF center frequency to add to relative frequencies
                                from peak detection (default: 0.0 = baseband)
    :type center_frequency_hz: float
    :param nfft: FFT size for analysis (default: 65536, auto-capped at signal length)
    :type nfft: int
    :param noise_threshold_db: Noise floor threshold in dB. If None (default),
                               auto-estimates from data.
    :type noise_threshold_db: Optional[float]
    :param min_component_bw: Minimum component bandwidth in Hz (default: 50 kHz)
    :type min_component_bw: float

    :returns: List of new annotations (one per detected component).
              Returns empty list if no components found or segment too short.
    :rtype: List[Annotation]

    **Example**::

        >>> from ria.io import load_recording
        >>> from ria_toolkit_oss.annotations import split_annotation_by_components
        >>> recording = load_recording("capture.sigmf")
        >>> # Original annotation spans multiple channels
        >>> original = recording.annotations[0]
        >>> # Split using RF center frequency from metadata
        >>> components = split_annotation_by_components(
        ...     original,
        ...     recording.data[0],
        ...     recording.metadata['sample_rate'],
        ...     center_frequency_hz=recording.metadata.get('center_frequency', 0.0)
        ... )
        >>> print(f"Split into {len(components)} components")
        Split into 2 components

    **Algorithm**:
    1. Extract segment corresponding to annotation time bounds
    2. Find frequency components in that segment (returns relative frequencies)
    3. Add center_frequency_hz to get absolute RF frequencies
    4. Create new annotation for each component
    5. Preserve original metadata (label, type, etc.)
    6. Add component info to comment JSON

    **Notes**:
    - Original annotation is not modified
    - Returns empty list if segment too short (<256 samples)
    - Segments <nfft get auto-downsampled to nfft (see find_spectral_components)
    - Each component inherits label from original
    - Component frequencies in comment JSON are absolute (RF) frequencies
    """
    # Extract segment corresponding to annotation time bounds
    start_sample = annotation.sample_start
    end_sample = min(start_sample + annotation.sample_count, len(signal))
    segment = signal[start_sample:end_sample]

    # Validate segment length is enough for spectral analysis
    if len(segment) < 256:
        return []

    # Find components in this segment (returns relative/baseband frequencies)
    try:
        components = find_spectral_components(segment, sampling_rate, nfft, noise_threshold_db, min_component_bw)
    except ValueError:
        # Spectral analysis failed (e.g., not complex IQ)
        return []

    if not components:
        # No components found
        return []

    # Create annotations for each component
    new_annotations = []
    for center_freq_rel, lower_freq_rel, upper_freq_rel in components:
        # Convert relative (baseband) frequencies to absolute (RF) frequencies
        center_freq_abs = center_frequency_hz + center_freq_rel
        lower_freq_abs = center_frequency_hz + lower_freq_rel
        upper_freq_abs = center_frequency_hz + upper_freq_rel

        # Parse original annotation metadata
        try:
            comment_data = json.loads(annotation.comment)
        except (json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError):
            comment_data = {"type": "standalone"}

        # Add component information (with absolute RF frequencies)
        comment_data["split_from_annotation"] = True
        comment_data["original_freq_bounds"] = {
            "lower": float(annotation.freq_lower_edge),
            "upper": float(annotation.freq_upper_edge),
        }
        comment_data["component_freq_bounds_rf"] = {
            "center": float(center_freq_abs),
            "lower": float(lower_freq_abs),
            "upper": float(upper_freq_abs),
        }

        # Create new annotation with absolute RF frequency bounds
        new_anno = Annotation(
            sample_start=annotation.sample_start,
            sample_count=annotation.sample_count,
            freq_lower_edge=lower_freq_abs,
            freq_upper_edge=upper_freq_abs,
            label=annotation.label,
            comment=json.dumps(comment_data),
            detail={
                "generator": "parallel_signal_separator",
                "center_freq_hz": float(center_freq_abs),
            },
        )
        new_annotations.append(new_anno)

    return new_annotations


def split_recording_annotations(
    recording: Recording,
    indices: Optional[List[int]] = None,
    nfft: int = 65536,
    noise_threshold_db: Optional[float] = None,
    min_component_bw: float = 50e3,
) -> Recording:
    """
    Split multiple annotations in a recording by frequency components.

    Processes specified annotations (or all if indices=None), replacing each
    with its frequency-separated components. Uses RF center_frequency from
    recording metadata for proper absolute frequency conversion.

    :param recording: Recording to process
    :type recording: Recording
    :param indices: Annotation indices to split (None = all, default: None).
                    Use indices=[] to skip splitting (returns unchanged recording).
    :type indices: Optional[List[int]]
    :param nfft: FFT size for spectral analysis (default: 65536,
                 auto-capped at signal segment length)
    :type nfft: int
    :param noise_threshold_db: Noise floor threshold in dB. If None (default),
                               auto-estimates from each segment.
    :type noise_threshold_db: Optional[float]
    :param min_component_bw: Minimum component bandwidth in Hz (default: 50 kHz).
                             Components narrower than this are filtered out.
    :type min_component_bw: float

    :returns: New Recording with split annotations
    :rtype: Recording

    **Example**::

        >>> from ria.io import load_recording
        >>> from ria_toolkit_oss.annotations import split_recording_annotations
        >>> recording = load_recording("capture.sigmf")
        >>> # Split all annotations
        >>> split_rec = split_recording_annotations(recording)
        >>> print(f"Original: {len(recording.annotations)} annotations")
        >>> print(f"Split: {len(split_rec.annotations)} annotations")
        Original: 5 annotations
        Split: 9 annotations

    **Algorithm**:
    1. For each annotation in indices (or all if None):
    2. Call split_annotation_by_components with RF center_frequency
    3. If components found, replace annotation with components
    4. If no components found, keep original annotation
    5. Annotations not in indices are kept unchanged

    **Notes**:
    - Original recording is not modified
    - Returns empty Recording.annotations if recording has no annotations
    - RF center_frequency from metadata ensures correct absolute frequencies
    - If an annotation can't be split (too short, wrong format), original kept
    """
    if indices is None:
        # Split all annotations
        indices = list(range(len(recording.annotations)))

    if not recording.annotations:
        # No annotations to split
        return recording

    signal = recording.data[0]
    sample_rate = recording.metadata["sample_rate"]
    center_frequency = recording.metadata.get("center_frequency", 0.0)

    # Build new annotation list
    new_annotations = []
    for i, anno in enumerate(recording.annotations):
        if i in indices:
            # Attempt to split this annotation
            try:
                components = split_annotation_by_components(
                    anno,
                    signal,
                    sample_rate,
                    center_frequency_hz=center_frequency,
                    nfft=nfft,
                    noise_threshold_db=noise_threshold_db,
                    min_component_bw=min_component_bw,
                )
                if components:
                    # Split successful, use components
                    new_annotations.extend(components)
                else:
                    # No components found, keep original
                    new_annotations.append(anno)
            except Exception:
                # Split failed for any reason, keep original
                new_annotations.append(anno)
        else:
            # Not in split list, keep as-is
            new_annotations.append(anno)

    return Recording(data=recording.data, metadata=recording.metadata, annotations=new_annotations)