Formatting Fixes

src/ria_toolkit_oss/viz/onnx.py

@@ -6,18 +6,16 @@ as other ria-toolkit-oss visualization modules.
 """
 
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
 
-import plotly.graph_objects as go
 import plotly.express as px
+import plotly.graph_objects as go
 from plotly.subplots import make_subplots
-import pandas as pd
-import numpy as np
 
 try:
     import onnx
     import onnx.helper
     import onnx.numpy_helper
+
     ONNX_AVAILABLE = True
 except ImportError:
     ONNX_AVAILABLE = False
@@ -32,25 +30,24 @@ def create_styled_error_figure(title: str, message: str, suggestion: str = None)
     main_text += f"<span style='color:#e2e8f0;font-size:14px'>{message}</span>"
 
     if suggestion:
-        main_text += f"<br><br><span style='color:#63b3ed;font-size:13px'>💡 <b>Suggestion:</b></span><br>"
+        main_text += "<br><br><span style='color:#63b3ed;font-size:13px'>💡 <b>Suggestion:</b></span><br>"
         main_text += f"<span style='color:#cbd5e0;font-size:12px'>{suggestion}</span>"
 
     # Add the main text annotation
     fig.add_annotation(
         text=main_text,
-        xref="paper", yref="paper",
-        x=0.5, y=0.5,
-        xanchor='center', yanchor='middle',
+        xref="paper",
+        yref="paper",
+        x=0.5,
+        y=0.5,
+        xanchor="center",
+        yanchor="middle",
         showarrow=False,
         align="center",
         borderwidth=2,
         bordercolor="#4a5568",
         bgcolor="#2d3748",
-        font=dict(
-            family="Arial, sans-serif",
-            size=14,
-            color="#e2e8f0"
-        )
+        font=dict(family="Arial, sans-serif", size=14, color="#e2e8f0"),
     )
 
     # Update layout with dark theme
@@ -61,7 +58,7 @@ def create_styled_error_figure(title: str, message: str, suggestion: str = None)
         margin=dict(l=40, r=40, t=40, b=40),
         plot_bgcolor="#1a202c",
         paper_bgcolor="#1a202c",
-        font=dict(color="#e2e8f0")
+        font=dict(color="#e2e8f0"),
     )
 
     # Remove axes and grid
@@ -99,13 +96,15 @@ def graph_structure(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
         # Create network diagram data
         node_info = []
         for i, node in enumerate(nodes):
-            node_info.append({
-                'id': i,
-                'name': node.name or f"{node.op_type}_{i}",
-                'op_type': node.op_type,
-                'inputs': len(node.input),
-                'outputs': len(node.output)
-            })
+            node_info.append(
+                {
+                    "id": i,
+                    "name": node.name or f"{node.op_type}_{i}",
+                    "op_type": node.op_type,
+                    "inputs": len(node.input),
+                    "outputs": len(node.output),
+                }
+            )
 
         # Create visualization
         fig = go.Figure()
@@ -115,45 +114,50 @@ def graph_structure(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
         y_positions = [0] * len(node_info)
 
         # Add nodes as scatter points
-        fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
+        fig.add_trace(
+            go.Scatter(
                 x=x_positions,
                 y=y_positions,
-            mode='markers+text',
+                mode="markers+text",
                 marker=dict(
-                size=[min(max(info['inputs'] + info['outputs'] + 15, 20), 50) for info in node_info],
-                color=px.colors.qualitative.Set3[:len(node_info)],
+                    size=[min(max(info["inputs"] + info["outputs"] + 15, 20), 50) for info in node_info],
+                    color=px.colors.qualitative.Set3[: len(node_info)],
                     opacity=0.8,
-                line=dict(width=2, color='white')
+                    line=dict(width=2, color="white"),
                 ),
                 text=[f"{info['op_type']}" for info in node_info],
                 textposition="middle center",
                 textfont=dict(size=10, color="white"),
-            hovertemplate="<b>%{text}</b><br>" +
-                         "Name: %{customdata[0]}<br>" +
-                         "Inputs: %{customdata[1]}<br>" +
-                         "Outputs: %{customdata[2]}<br>" +
-                         "<extra></extra>",
-            customdata=[[info['name'], info['inputs'], info['outputs']] for info in node_info],
-            name="Operators"
-        ))
+                hovertemplate="<b>%{text}</b><br>"
+                + "Name: %{customdata[0]}<br>"
+                + "Inputs: %{customdata[1]}<br>"
+                + "Outputs: %{customdata[2]}<br>"
+                + "<extra></extra>",
+                customdata=[[info["name"], info["inputs"], info["outputs"]] for info in node_info],
+                name="Operators",
+            )
+        )
 
         # Add connecting lines
         for i in range(len(node_info) - 1):
-            fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
-                x=[x_positions[i], x_positions[i+1]],
-                y=[y_positions[i], y_positions[i+1]],
-                mode='lines',
-                line=dict(color='gray', width=1, dash='dot'),
+            fig.add_trace(
+                go.Scatter(
+                    x=[x_positions[i], x_positions[i + 1]],
+                    y=[y_positions[i], y_positions[i + 1]],
+                    mode="lines",
+                    line=dict(color="gray", width=1, dash="dot"),
                     showlegend=False,
-                hoverinfo='skip'
-            ))
+                    hoverinfo="skip",
+                )
+            )
 
         fig.update_layout(
             title={
-                'text': f"ONNX Graph Structure<br><span style='font-size:14px; color:#a0a0a0;'>{len(nodes)} Operators</span>",
-                'x': 0.5,
-                'xanchor': 'center',
-                'font': {'size': 22}
+                "text": ("ONNX Graph Structure<br>"
+                         f"<span style='font-size:14px; color:#a0a0a0;'>{len(nodes)} Operators</span>"),
+                "x": 0.5,
+                "xanchor": "center",
+                "font": {"size": 22},
             },
             xaxis_title="Execution Order",
             yaxis_title="",
@@ -162,7 +166,7 @@ def graph_structure(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             template="plotly_dark",
             yaxis=dict(showticklabels=False, showgrid=False),
             xaxis=dict(showgrid=False),
-            margin=dict(l=50, r=50, t=80, b=50)
+            margin=dict(l=50, r=50, t=80, b=50),
         )
 
         return fig
@@ -170,7 +174,7 @@ def graph_structure(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
     except Exception as e:
         return create_styled_error_figure(
             "Graph Analysis Error",
-            f"Could not analyze ONNX model structure.",
+            "Could not analyze ONNX model structure.",
             f"Error: {str(e)}"
         )
 
@@ -201,7 +205,7 @@ def operator_analysis(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             return create_styled_error_figure(
                 "No Operators",
                 "This ONNX model contains no operators to analyze.",
-                "Please verify the model file is valid."
+                "Please verify the model file is valid.",
             )
 
         # Sort by frequency
@@ -209,9 +213,10 @@ def operator_analysis(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
 
         # Create pie chart and bar chart
         fig = make_subplots(
-            rows=2, cols=1,
+            rows=2,
+            cols=1,
             subplot_titles=("Operator Distribution", "Operator Frequency"),
-            specs=[[{"type": "pie"}], [{"type": "bar"}]]
+            specs=[[{"type": "pie"}], [{"type": "bar"}]],
         )
 
         # Pie chart for operator distribution
@@ -223,9 +228,10 @@ def operator_analysis(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
                 values=list(op_values),
                 textinfo="label+percent",
                 textposition="auto",
-                showlegend=False
+                showlegend=False,
             ),
-            row=1, col=1
+            row=1,
+            col=1,
         )
 
         # Bar chart for frequency
@@ -233,21 +239,23 @@ def operator_analysis(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             go.Bar(
                 x=list(op_names),
                 y=list(op_values),
-                marker_color=px.colors.qualitative.Set3[:len(op_names)],
-                showlegend=False
+                marker_color=px.colors.qualitative.Set3[: len(op_names)],
+                showlegend=False,
             ),
-            row=2, col=1
+            row=2,
+            col=1,
         )
 
         fig.update_layout(
             title={
-                'text': f"ONNX Operator Analysis<br><span style='font-size:14px; color:#a0a0a0;'>{len(op_counts)} Unique Types</span>",
-                'x': 0.5,
-                'xanchor': 'center',
-                'font': {'size': 22}
+                "text": ("ONNX Operator Analysis<br>"
+                         f"<span style='font-size:14px; color:#a0a0a0;'>{len(op_counts)} Unique Types</span>"),
+                "x": 0.5,
+                "xanchor": "center",
+                "font": {"size": 22},
             },
             height=700,
-            template="plotly_dark"
+            template="plotly_dark",
         )
 
         return fig
@@ -255,7 +263,7 @@ def operator_analysis(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
     except Exception as e:
         return create_styled_error_figure(
             "Operator Analysis Error",
-            f"Could not analyze ONNX operators.",
+            "Could not analyze ONNX operators.",
             f"Error: {str(e)}"
         )
 
@@ -288,7 +296,7 @@ def model_metadata(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             try:
                 tensor = onnx.numpy_helper.to_array(initializer)
                 total_params += tensor.size
-            except:
+            except Exception:
                 pass  # Skip if tensor can't be loaded
 
         # Get model file size
@@ -296,10 +304,10 @@ def model_metadata(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
 
         # Create metadata display
         fig = make_subplots(
-            rows=2, cols=2,
+            rows=2,
+            cols=2,
             subplot_titles=("Model Size", "Architecture", "Inputs/Outputs", "Parameters"),
-            specs=[[{"type": "indicator"}, {"type": "bar"}],
-                   [{"type": "table"}, {"type": "indicator"}]]
+            specs=[[{"type": "indicator"}, {"type": "bar"}], [{"type": "table"}, {"type": "indicator"}]],
         )
 
         # Model size indicator
@@ -307,19 +315,20 @@ def model_metadata(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             go.Indicator(
                 mode="number+gauge",
                 value=file_size_mb,
-                title={'text': "Model Size (MB)"},
-                number={'suffix': ' MB', 'valueformat': '.2f'},
+                title={"text": "Model Size (MB)"},
+                number={"suffix": " MB", "valueformat": ".2f"},
                 gauge={
-                    'axis': {'range': [0, max(100, file_size_mb * 1.5)]},
-                    'bar': {'color': "darkblue"},
-                    'steps': [
-                        {'range': [0, 10], 'color': "lightgreen"},
-                        {'range': [10, 50], 'color': "yellow"},
-                        {'range': [50, 100], 'color': "orange"}
-                    ]
-                }
+                    "axis": {"range": [0, max(100, file_size_mb * 1.5)]},
+                    "bar": {"color": "darkblue"},
+                    "steps": [
+                        {"range": [0, 10], "color": "lightgreen"},
+                        {"range": [10, 50], "color": "yellow"},
+                        {"range": [50, 100], "color": "orange"},
+                    ],
+                },
             ),
-            row=1, col=1
+            row=1,
+            col=1,
         )
 
         # Architecture components
@@ -330,10 +339,11 @@ def model_metadata(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             go.Bar(
                 x=arch_data,
                 y=arch_values,
-                marker_color=['blue', 'green', 'orange', 'red'],
+                marker_color=["blue", "green", "orange", "red"],
                 showlegend=False
             ),
-            row=1, col=2
+            row=1,
+            col=2,
         )
 
         # I/O Table
@@ -346,17 +356,24 @@ def model_metadata(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             if inp.type and inp.type.tensor_type:
                 # Get shape
                 if inp.type.tensor_type.shape:
-                    dims = [str(d.dim_value) if d.dim_value > 0 else "?" 
-                           for d in inp.type.tensor_type.shape.dim]
+                    dims = [str(d.dim_value) if d.dim_value > 0 else "?" for d in inp.type.tensor_type.shape.dim]
                     shape = f"[{', '.join(dims)}]"
 
                 # Get data type
                 elem_type = inp.type.tensor_type.elem_type
-                type_map = {1: 'float32', 2: 'uint8', 3: 'int8', 6: 'int32', 
-                           7: 'int64', 9: 'bool', 10: 'float16', 11: 'double'}
-                dtype = type_map.get(elem_type, f'type_{elem_type}')
+                type_map = {
+                    1: "float32",
+                    2: "uint8",
+                    3: "int8",
+                    6: "int32",
+                    7: "int64",
+                    9: "bool",
+                    10: "float16",
+                    11: "double",
+                }
+                dtype = type_map.get(elem_type, f"type_{elem_type}")
 
-            io_data.append(['Input', inp.name[:20], shape, dtype])
+            io_data.append(["Input", inp.name[:20], shape, dtype])
 
         # Add output info
         for out in graph.output[:5]:  # Limit to first 5
@@ -364,32 +381,40 @@ def model_metadata(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             dtype = "Unknown"
             if out.type and out.type.tensor_type:
                 if out.type.tensor_type.shape:
-                    dims = [str(d.dim_value) if d.dim_value > 0 else "?" 
-                           for d in out.type.tensor_type.shape.dim]
+                    dims = [str(d.dim_value) if d.dim_value > 0 else "?" for d in out.type.tensor_type.shape.dim]
                     shape = f"[{', '.join(dims)}]"
 
                 elem_type = out.type.tensor_type.elem_type
-                type_map = {1: 'float32', 2: 'uint8', 3: 'int8', 6: 'int32', 
-                           7: 'int64', 9: 'bool', 10: 'float16', 11: 'double'}
-                dtype = type_map.get(elem_type, f'type_{elem_type}')
+                type_map = {
+                    1: "float32",
+                    2: "uint8",
+                    3: "int8",
+                    6: "int32",
+                    7: "int64",
+                    9: "bool",
+                    10: "float16",
+                    11: "double",
+                }
+                dtype = type_map.get(elem_type, f"type_{elem_type}")
 
-            io_data.append(['Output', out.name[:20], shape, dtype])
+            io_data.append(["Output", out.name[:20], shape, dtype])
 
         if io_data:
             fig.add_trace(
                 go.Table(
                     header=dict(
-                        values=['Type', 'Name', 'Shape', 'Data Type'],
-                        fill_color='lightblue',
-                        align='left'
+                        values=["Type", "Name", "Shape", "Data Type"],
+                        fill_color="lightblue",
+                        align="left"
                     ),
                     cells=dict(
                         values=list(zip(*io_data)),
-                        fill_color='white',
-                        align='left'
-                    )
+                        fill_color="white",
+                        align="left"
                     ),
-                row=2, col=1
+                ),
+                row=2,
+                col=1,
             )
 
         # Parameters indicator
@@ -397,23 +422,25 @@ def model_metadata(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             go.Indicator(
                 mode="number",
                 value=total_params,
-                title={'text': "Total Parameters"},
-                number={'suffix': 'M', 'valueformat': '.2f'},
-                number_font_size=30
+                title={"text": "Total Parameters"},
+                number={"suffix": "M", "valueformat": ".2f"},
+                number_font_size=30,
             ),
-            row=2, col=2
+            row=2,
+            col=2,
         )
 
         fig.update_layout(
             title={
-                'text': f"ONNX Model Metadata<br><span style='font-size:14px; color:#a0a0a0;'>{total_params/1e6:.2f}M Parameters</span>",
-                'x': 0.5,
-                'xanchor': 'center',
-                'font': {'size': 22}
+                "text": ("ONNX Model Metadata<br>"
+                         f"<span style='font-size:14px; color:#a0a0a0;'>{total_params/1e6:.2f}M Parameters</span>"),
+                "x": 0.5,
+                "xanchor": "center",
+                "font": {"size": 22},
             },
             height=600,
             template="plotly_dark",
-            showlegend=False
+            showlegend=False,
         )
 
         return fig
@@ -421,7 +448,7 @@ def model_metadata(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
     except Exception as e:
         return create_styled_error_figure(
             "Metadata Analysis Error",
-            f"Could not extract ONNX model metadata.",
+            "Could not extract ONNX model metadata.",
             f"Error: {str(e)}"
         )
 
@@ -435,7 +462,7 @@ def performance_metrics(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
         return create_styled_error_figure(
             "ONNX Not Available",
             "ONNX library is required for performance analysis.",
-            "Install with: pip install onnx"
+            "Install with: pip install onnx",
         )
 
     try:
@@ -452,43 +479,42 @@ def performance_metrics(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             try:
                 tensor = onnx.numpy_helper.to_array(initializer)
                 total_params += tensor.size
-            except:
+            except Exception:
                 pass
 
         # Estimate memory usage (rough approximation)
         param_memory_mb = (total_params * 4) / (1024 * 1024)  # Assume float32
 
         # Count operations by complexity
-        compute_ops = ['Conv', 'MatMul', 'Gemm', 'LSTM', 'GRU']
-        efficient_ops = ['Relu', 'Add', 'Mul', 'BatchNormalization', 'Dropout']
+        compute_ops = ["Conv", "MatMul", "Gemm", "LSTM", "GRU"]
+        efficient_ops = ["Relu", "Add", "Mul", "BatchNormalization", "Dropout"]
 
-        compute_count = sum(1 for node in graph.node 
-                          if any(op in node.op_type for op in compute_ops))
-        efficient_count = sum(1 for node in graph.node 
-                            if any(op in node.op_type for op in efficient_ops))
+        compute_count = sum(1 for node in graph.node if any(op in node.op_type for op in compute_ops))
+        efficient_count = sum(1 for node in graph.node if any(op in node.op_type for op in efficient_ops))
         total_ops = len(graph.node)
         other_count = total_ops - compute_count - efficient_count
 
         # Create performance dashboard
         fig = make_subplots(
-            rows=2, cols=2,
+            rows=2,
+            cols=2,
             subplot_titles=("Model Efficiency", "Memory Usage", "Operation Types", "Complexity Score"),
-            specs=[[{"type": "bar"}, {"type": "bar"}],
-                   [{"type": "pie"}, {"type": "indicator"}]]
+            specs=[[{"type": "bar"}, {"type": "bar"}], [{"type": "pie"}, {"type": "indicator"}]],
         )
 
         # Model efficiency metrics
         efficiency_metrics = ["Model Size (MB)", "Parameters (M)", "Total Ops"]
-        efficiency_values = [model_size_mb, total_params/1e6, total_ops]
+        efficiency_values = [model_size_mb, total_params / 1e6, total_ops]
 
         fig.add_trace(
             go.Bar(
                 x=efficiency_metrics,
                 y=efficiency_values,
-                marker_color=['blue', 'green', 'orange'],
+                marker_color=["blue", "green", "orange"],
                 showlegend=False
             ),
-            row=1, col=1
+            row=1,
+            col=1,
         )
 
         # Memory usage
@@ -499,20 +525,22 @@ def performance_metrics(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             go.Bar(
                 x=memory_types,
                 y=memory_values,
-                marker_color=['purple', 'red'],
+                marker_color=["purple", "red"],
                 showlegend=False
             ),
-            row=1, col=2
+            row=1,
+            col=2,
         )
 
         # Operation types pie chart
         fig.add_trace(
             go.Pie(
-                labels=['Compute Ops', 'Efficient Ops', 'Other Ops'],
+                labels=["Compute Ops", "Efficient Ops", "Other Ops"],
                 values=[compute_count, efficient_count, other_count],
-                marker_colors=['red', 'green', 'gray']
+                marker_colors=["red", "green", "gray"],
             ),
-            row=2, col=1
+            row=2,
+            col=1,
         )
 
         # Complexity score (simple heuristic)
@@ -522,30 +550,35 @@ def performance_metrics(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
             go.Indicator(
                 mode="gauge+number",
                 value=complexity_score,
-                title={'text': "Complexity Score"},
+                title={"text": "Complexity Score"},
                 gauge={
-                    'axis': {'range': [0, 100]},
-                    'bar': {'color': "darkred" if complexity_score > 70 else "orange" if complexity_score > 40 else "green"},
-                    'steps': [
-                        {'range': [0, 40], 'color': "lightgreen"},
-                        {'range': [40, 70], 'color': "yellow"},
-                        {'range': [70, 100], 'color': "lightcoral"}
-                    ]
-                }
+                    "axis": {"range": [0, 100]},
+                    "bar": {
+                        "color": "darkred" if complexity_score > 70 else "orange" if complexity_score > 40 else "green"
+                    },
+                    "steps": [
+                        {"range": [0, 40], "color": "lightgreen"},
+                        {"range": [40, 70], "color": "yellow"},
+                        {"range": [70, 100], "color": "lightcoral"},
+                    ],
+                },
             ),
-            row=2, col=2
+            row=2,
+            col=2,
         )
 
         fig.update_layout(
             title={
-                'text': f"ONNX Performance Metrics<br><span style='font-size:14px; color:#a0a0a0;'>Complexity Score: {complexity_score:.0f}/100</span>",
-                'x': 0.5,
-                'xanchor': 'center',
-                'font': {'size': 22}
+                "text": ("ONNX Performance Metrics<br>"
+                         f"<span style='font-size:14px; color:#a0a0a0;'>"
+                         f"Complexity Score: {complexity_score:.0f}/100</span>"),
+                "x": 0.5,
+                "xanchor": "center",
+                "font": {"size": 22},
             },
             height=600,
             template="plotly_dark",
-            showlegend=False
+            showlegend=False,
         )
 
         return fig
@@ -553,6 +586,6 @@ def performance_metrics(file_path: Path) -> go.Figure:
     except Exception as e:
         return create_styled_error_figure(
             "Performance Analysis Error",
-            f"Could not analyze ONNX model performance.",
+            "Could not analyze ONNX model performance.",
             f"Error: {str(e)}"
         )

src/ria_toolkit_oss/viz/pytorch_state_dict.py

@@ -1,35 +1,79 @@
-import torch
 import plotly.graph_objects as go
 from plotly.graph_objects import Figure
 import numpy as np
 
+
+def create_styled_error_figure(title: str, message: str, suggestion: str = None) -> go.Figure:
+    """Create a professional error figure with Qoherent dark theme styling."""
+    fig = go.Figure()
+
+    # Create a clean, centered text display using Plotly's text formatting
+    main_text = f"<b style='color:#f56565;font-size:18px'>⚠️ {title}</b><br><br>"
+    main_text += f"<span style='color:#e2e8f0;font-size:14px'>{message}</span>"
+
+    if suggestion:
+        main_text += "<br><br><span style='color:#63b3ed;font-size:13px'>💡 <b>Suggestion:</b></span><br>"
+        main_text += f"<span style='color:#cbd5e0;font-size:12px'>{suggestion}</span>"
+
+    # Add the main text annotation
+    fig.add_annotation(
+        text=main_text,
+        xref="paper",
+        yref="paper",
+        x=0.5,
+        y=0.5,
+        xanchor="center",
+        yanchor="middle",
+        showarrow=False,
+        align="center",
+        borderwidth=2,
+        bordercolor="#4a5568",
+        bgcolor="#2d3748",
+        font=dict(family="Arial, sans-serif", size=14, color="#e2e8f0"),
+    )
+
+    # Update layout with dark theme
+    fig.update_layout(
+        title="",
+        height=400,
+        template="plotly_dark",
+        margin=dict(l=40, r=40, t=40, b=40),
+        plot_bgcolor="#1a202c",
+        paper_bgcolor="#1a202c",
+        font=dict(color="#e2e8f0"),
+    )
+
+    # Remove axes and grid
+    fig.update_xaxes(visible=False)
+    fig.update_yaxes(visible=False)
+
+    return fig
+
+
 def model_summary_plot(state_dict: dict) -> Figure:
     """Generate a summary plot of the PyTorch model state dict."""
     if not state_dict:
-        # Handle empty state dict
-        fig = go.Figure()
-        fig.add_annotation(
-            text="No parameters found in state dict",
-            xref="paper", yref="paper",
-            x=0.5, y=0.5, showarrow=False,
-            font=dict(size=16)
+        return create_styled_error_figure(
+            "Empty State Dict",
+            "No parameters found in state dict",
+            "Ensure the model state dictionary contains weight parameters"
         )
-        fig.update_layout(
-            title="Model Layer Parameter Counts",
-            xaxis_title="Layer",
-            yaxis_title="Number of Parameters",
-            template="plotly_dark"
-        )
-        return fig
-        
     # Count parameters by layer type
     layer_info = []
     for key, tensor in state_dict.items():
         if 'weight' in key:
             try:
                 layer_name = key.replace('.weight', '')
-                param_count = tensor.numel() if hasattr(tensor, 'numel') else len(tensor.flatten()) if hasattr(tensor, 'flatten') else 0
-                shape = list(tensor.shape) if hasattr(tensor, 'shape') else [len(tensor)] if hasattr(tensor, '__len__') else []
+                param_count = (
+                    tensor.numel() if hasattr(tensor, 'numel')
+                    else len(tensor.flatten()) if hasattr(tensor, 'flatten')
+                    else 0
+                )
+                shape = (
+                    list(tensor.shape) if hasattr(tensor, 'shape')
+                    else [len(tensor)] if hasattr(tensor, '__len__')
+                    else []
+                )
                 layer_info.append({
                     'layer': layer_name,
                     'parameters': param_count,
@@ -38,24 +82,12 @@ def model_summary_plot(state_dict: dict) -> Figure:
             except Exception as e:
                 print(f"Warning: Could not process layer {key}: {e}")
                 continue
-    
     if not layer_info:
-        # Handle case where no weight layers found
-        fig = go.Figure()
-        fig.add_annotation(
-            text="No weight layers found in state dict",
-            xref="paper", yref="paper",
-            x=0.5, y=0.5, showarrow=False,
-            font=dict(size=16)
+        return create_styled_error_figure(
+            "No Weight Layers Found",
+            "No weight layers found in state dict",
+            "Ensure the state dictionary contains layers with '.weight' parameters"
         )
-        fig.update_layout(
-            title="Model Layer Parameter Counts",
-            xaxis_title="Layer",
-            yaxis_title="Number of Parameters",
-            template="plotly_dark"
-        )
-        return fig
-    
     # Create bar chart of parameter counts
     fig = go.Figure(data=[
         go.Bar(
@@ -65,53 +97,35 @@ def model_summary_plot(state_dict: dict) -> Figure:
             textposition='auto',
         )
     ])
-    
     fig.update_layout(
         title="Model Layer Parameter Counts",
         xaxis_title="Layer",
         yaxis_title="Number of Parameters",
         template="plotly_dark"
     )
-    
     return fig
 
+
 def layer_weights_plot(state_dict: dict, layer_name: str = None) -> Figure:
     """Visualize weights for a specific layer."""
     if not state_dict:
-        fig = go.Figure()
-        fig.add_annotation(
-            text="No data in state dict",
-            xref="paper", yref="paper",
-            x=0.5, y=0.5, showarrow=False,
-            font=dict(size=16)
+        return create_styled_error_figure(
+            "Empty State Dict",
+            "No data in state dict",
+            "Ensure the model state dictionary contains data"
         )
-        fig.update_layout(
-            title="Layer Weights",
-            template="plotly_dark"
-        )
-        return fig
-        
     if layer_name is None:
         # Get first weight tensor
         weight_keys = [k for k in state_dict.keys() if 'weight' in k]
         if not weight_keys:
-            fig = go.Figure()
-            fig.add_annotation(
-                text="No weight tensors found in state dict",
-                xref="paper", yref="paper",
-                x=0.5, y=0.5, showarrow=False,
-                font=dict(size=16)
+            return create_styled_error_figure(
+                "No Weight Tensors Found",
+                "No weight tensors found in state dict",
+                "Ensure the state dictionary contains layers with '.weight' parameters"
             )
-            fig.update_layout(
-                title="Layer Weights",
-                template="plotly_dark"
-            )
-            return fig
         layer_name = weight_keys[0]
-    
     try:
         weights = state_dict[layer_name]
-        
         # Convert to numpy if it's a torch tensor
         if hasattr(weights, 'numpy'):
             weights_np = weights.detach().numpy() if hasattr(weights, 'detach') else weights.numpy()
@@ -119,7 +133,6 @@ def layer_weights_plot(state_dict: dict, layer_name: str = None) -> Figure:
             weights_np = weights.cpu().detach().numpy()
         else:
             weights_np = np.array(weights)
-        
         # For 2D weights, create heatmap
         if len(weights_np.shape) == 2:
             fig = go.Figure(data=go.Heatmap(
@@ -143,36 +156,21 @@ def layer_weights_plot(state_dict: dict, layer_name: str = None) -> Figure:
         return fig
 
     except Exception as e:
-        fig = go.Figure()
-        fig.add_annotation(
-            text=f"Error processing layer {layer_name}: {str(e)}",
-            xref="paper", yref="paper",
-            x=0.5, y=0.5, showarrow=False,
-            font=dict(size=14)
+        return create_styled_error_figure(
+            "Layer Processing Error",
+            f"Error processing layer {layer_name}: {str(e)}",
+            "Check that the layer name exists and contains valid tensor data"
         )
-        fig.update_layout(
-            title="Layer Weights - Error",
-            template="plotly_dark"
-        )
-        return fig
+
 
 def weight_distribution_plot(state_dict: dict) -> Figure:
     """Show distribution of weights across all layers."""
     if not state_dict:
-        fig = go.Figure()
-        fig.add_annotation(
-            text="No data in state dict",
-            xref="paper", yref="paper",
-            x=0.5, y=0.5, showarrow=False,
-            font=dict(size=16)
+        return create_styled_error_figure(
+            "Empty State Dict",
+            "No data in state dict",
+            "Ensure the model state dictionary contains data"
         )
-        fig.update_layout(
-            title="Overall Weight Distribution",
-            xaxis_title="Weight Value",
-            yaxis_title="Frequency",
-            template="plotly_dark"
-        )
-        return fig
 
     all_weights = []
     layer_names = []
@@ -187,7 +185,6 @@ def weight_distribution_plot(state_dict: dict) -> Figure:
                     weights_np = tensor.cpu().detach().numpy()
                 else:
                     weights_np = np.array(tensor)
-                
                 flat_weights = weights_np.flatten()
                 all_weights.extend(flat_weights)
                 layer_names.extend([key] * len(flat_weights))
@@ -196,20 +193,11 @@ def weight_distribution_plot(state_dict: dict) -> Figure:
                 continue
 
     if not all_weights:
-        fig = go.Figure()
-        fig.add_annotation(
-            text="No weight data found in state dict",
-            xref="paper", yref="paper",
-            x=0.5, y=0.5, showarrow=False,
-            font=dict(size=16)
+        return create_styled_error_figure(
+            "No Weight Data Found",
+            "No weight data found in state dict",
+            "Ensure the state dictionary contains layers with '.weight' parameters"
         )
-        fig.update_layout(
-            title="Overall Weight Distribution",
-            xaxis_title="Weight Value",
-            yaxis_title="Frequency",
-            template="plotly_dark"
-        )
-        return fig
 
     fig = go.Figure(data=[
         go.Histogram(
@@ -225,5 +213,4 @@ def weight_distribution_plot(state_dict: dict) -> Figure:
         yaxis_title="Frequency",
         template="plotly_dark"
     )
-    
     return fig

src/ria_toolkit_oss/viz/radio_dataset.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import random
 from typing import Optional
 
 import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
 import plotly.express as px
 import plotly.graph_objects as go
 from plotly.graph_objects import Figure
@@ -22,25 +21,24 @@ def create_styled_error_figure(title: str, message: str, suggestion: str = None)
     main_text += f"<span style='color:#e2e8f0;font-size:14px'>{message}</span>"
 
     if suggestion:
-        main_text += f"<br><br><span style='color:#63b3ed;font-size:13px'>💡 <b>Suggestion:</b></span><br>"
+        main_text += "<br><br><span style='color:#63b3ed;font-size:13px'>💡 <b>Suggestion:</b></span><br>"
         main_text += f"<span style='color:#cbd5e0;font-size:12px'>{suggestion}</span>"
 
     # Add the main text annotation
     fig.add_annotation(
         text=main_text,
-        xref="paper", yref="paper",
-        x=0.5, y=0.5,
-        xanchor='center', yanchor='middle',
+        xref="paper",
+        yref="paper",
+        x=0.5,
+        y=0.5,
+        xanchor="center",
+        yanchor="middle",
         showarrow=False,
         align="center",
         borderwidth=2,
         bordercolor="#4a5568",
         bgcolor="#2d3748",
-        font=dict(
-            family="Arial, sans-serif",
-            size=14,
-            color="#e2e8f0"
-        )
+        font=dict(family="Arial, sans-serif", size=14, color="#e2e8f0"),
     )
 
     # Update layout with dark theme
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ def create_styled_error_figure(title: str, message: str, suggestion: str = None)
         margin=dict(l=40, r=40, t=40, b=40),
         plot_bgcolor="#1a202c",
         paper_bgcolor="#1a202c",
-        font=dict(color="#e2e8f0")
+        font=dict(color="#e2e8f0"),
     )
 
     # Remove axes and grid
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ def _check_dataset_compatibility(dataset, plot_type: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
 
         if plot_type == "class_distribution":
             # Check if we have any categorical columns
-            categorical_cols = [col for col in metadata.columns if metadata[col].dtype == 'object']
+            categorical_cols = [col for col in metadata.columns if metadata[col].dtype == "object"]
             alternatives = ["class", "label", "modulation", "impairment", "use_case", "category", "labels"]
 
             has_class_col = any(alt in metadata.columns for alt in alternatives)
@@ -89,7 +87,7 @@ def _check_dataset_compatibility(dataset, plot_type: str) -> tuple[bool, str]:
 
             # Check if we can access sample data (basic test)
             try:
-                sample_data = dataset[0] if hasattr(dataset, '__getitem__') else None
+                sample_data = dataset[0] if hasattr(dataset, "__getitem__") else None
                 if sample_data is None or len(sample_data) < 32:
                     return False, "Insufficient sample data for spectrogram (need at least 32 points)"
             except Exception:
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ def class_distribution_plot(dataset, class_key: str = "modulation") -> Figure:
             return create_styled_error_figure(
                 "Dataset Not Compatible",
                 "This dataset doesn't have categorical labels needed for class distribution analysis.",
-                "Try using the Dataset Overview widget to explore the available data columns."
+                "Try using the Dataset Overview widget to explore the available data columns.",
             )
 
         metadata = dataset.metadata
@@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ def class_distribution_plot(dataset, class_key: str = "modulation") -> Figure:
             else:
                 # Use first categorical column
                 for col in metadata.columns:
-                    if metadata[col].dtype == 'object' or metadata[col].nunique() < 50:
+                    if metadata[col].dtype == "object" or metadata[col].nunique() < 50:
                         class_key = col
                         break
 
@@ -135,7 +133,8 @@ def class_distribution_plot(dataset, class_key: str = "modulation") -> Figure:
             return create_styled_error_figure(
                 "No Class Labels Found",
                 "This dataset contains numerical data without categorical labels.",
-                "Try using the Dataset Overview widget for data analysis, or check if your dataset has hidden categorical columns."
+                ("Try using the Dataset Overview widget for data analysis, "
+                 "or check if your dataset has hidden categorical columns."),
             )
 
         # Count examples per class (limit to top 20 for performance)
@@ -146,19 +145,15 @@ def class_distribution_plot(dataset, class_key: str = "modulation") -> Figure:
         class_counts = class_counts.sort_index()
 
         # Create simple bar plot
-        fig = px.bar(
-            x=class_counts.index,
-            y=class_counts.values,
-            title=f'Class Distribution: {class_key.title()}'
-        )
+        fig = px.bar(x=class_counts.index, y=class_counts.values, title=f"Class Distribution: {class_key.title()}")
 
-        fig.update_traces(texttemplate='%{y}', textposition='outside')
+        fig.update_traces(texttemplate="%{y}", textposition="outside")
         fig.update_layout(
             xaxis_title=class_key.title(),
-            yaxis_title='Number of Examples',
+            yaxis_title="Number of Examples",
             showlegend=False,
             height=400,
-            template="plotly_dark"
+            template="plotly_dark",
         )
 
         return fig
@@ -166,8 +161,8 @@ def class_distribution_plot(dataset, class_key: str = "modulation") -> Figure:
     except Exception as e:
         return create_styled_error_figure(
             "Class Distribution Error",
-            f"An error occurred while generating the class distribution plot.",
-            f"Technical details: {str(e)}"
+            "An error occurred while generating the class distribution plot.",
+            f"Technical details: {str(e)}",
         )
 
 
@@ -180,91 +175,79 @@ def dataset_overview_plot(dataset) -> Figure:
         # Create subplot with multiple charts
 
         # Determine subplot titles based on data type
-        categorical_cols = [col for col in metadata.columns if metadata[col].dtype == 'object']
-        numeric_cols = [col for col in metadata.columns if metadata[col].dtype in ['int64', 'float64']]
+        categorical_cols = [col for col in metadata.columns if metadata[col].dtype == "object"]
+        numeric_cols = [col for col in metadata.columns if metadata[col].dtype in ["int64", "float64"]]
 
         dist_title = "Value Distribution" if categorical_cols else "Data Distribution"
 
         fig = make_subplots(
-            rows=2, cols=2,
+            rows=2,
+            cols=2,
             subplot_titles=("Dataset Size", "Data Types", dist_title, "Statistics Summary"),
-            specs=[[{"type": "indicator"}, {"type": "bar"}],
-                   [{"type": "histogram" if not categorical_cols else "bar"}, {"type": "table"}]]
+            specs=[
+                [{"type": "indicator"}, {"type": "bar"}],
+                [{"type": "histogram" if not categorical_cols else "bar"}, {"type": "table"}],
+            ],
         )
 
         # Top left: Dataset size indicator
         fig.add_trace(
             go.Indicator(
-                mode="number",
-                value=total_examples,
-                title={"text": "Total Examples"},
-                number={"font": {"size": 40}}
+                mode="number", value=total_examples, title={"text": "Total Examples"}, number={"font": {"size": 40}}
             ),
-            row=1, col=1
+            row=1,
+            col=1,
         )
 
         # Top right: Data types distribution
         dtype_counts = metadata.dtypes.value_counts()
         fig.add_trace(
             go.Bar(
-                x=[str(dt) for dt in dtype_counts.index],
-                y=dtype_counts.values,
-                name="Data Types",
-                showlegend=False
+                x=[str(dt) for dt in dtype_counts.index], y=dtype_counts.values, name="Data Types", showlegend=False
             ),
-            row=1, col=2
+            row=1,
+            col=2,
         )
 
         # Bottom left: Show distribution of numeric columns or categorical if available
-        categorical_cols = [col for col in metadata.columns if metadata[col].dtype == 'object']
-        numeric_cols = [col for col in metadata.columns if metadata[col].dtype in ['int64', 'float64']]
+        categorical_cols = [col for col in metadata.columns if metadata[col].dtype == "object"]
+        numeric_cols = [col for col in metadata.columns if metadata[col].dtype in ["int64", "float64"]]
 
         if categorical_cols:
             col = categorical_cols[0]  # Show first categorical column
             value_counts = metadata[col].value_counts().head(10)
             fig.add_trace(
-                go.Bar(
-                    x=value_counts.index,
-                    y=value_counts.values,
-                    name=f"{col} Distribution",
-                    showlegend=False
-                ),
-                row=2, col=1
+                go.Bar(x=value_counts.index, y=value_counts.values, name=f"{col} Distribution", showlegend=False),
+                row=2,
+                col=1,
             )
         elif numeric_cols:
             # Show histogram of first numeric column
             col = numeric_cols[0]
             fig.add_trace(
-                go.Histogram(
-                    x=metadata[col],
-                    name=f"{col} Distribution",
-                    showlegend=False,
-                    nbinsx=20
-                ),
-                row=2, col=1
+                go.Histogram(x=metadata[col], name=f"{col} Distribution", showlegend=False, nbinsx=20), row=2, col=1
             )
 
         # Bottom right: Basic statistics table
         stats_data = []
-        display_cols = (numeric_cols[:5] if len(numeric_cols) > 0 else metadata.columns[:5])
+        display_cols = numeric_cols[:5] if len(numeric_cols) > 0 else metadata.columns[:5]
 
         for col in display_cols:
-            if metadata[col].dtype in ['int64', 'float64']:
-                stats_data.append([
+            if metadata[col].dtype in ["int64", "float64"]:
+                stats_data.append(
+                    [
                         col[:15] + "..." if len(col) > 15 else col,  # Truncate long column names
                         f"{metadata[col].mean():.3f}",
                         f"{metadata[col].std():.3f}",
                         f"{metadata[col].min():.3f}",
-                    f"{metadata[col].max():.3f}"
-                ])
+                        f"{metadata[col].max():.3f}",
+                    ]
+                )
             else:
                 unique_count = metadata[col].nunique()
-                stats_data.append([
-                    col[:15] + "..." if len(col) > 15 else col,
-                    "N/A", "N/A", 
-                    f"{unique_count} unique", 
-                    "N/A"
-                ])
+                stats_data.append(
+                    [col[:15] + "..." if len(col) > 15 else col, "N/A", "N/A", f"{unique_count} unique", "N/A"]
+                )
 
         if stats_data:
             fig.add_trace(
@@ -273,30 +256,26 @@ def dataset_overview_plot(dataset) -> Figure:
                         values=["Column", "Mean", "Std", "Min/Unique", "Max"],
                         fill_color="rgba(30, 30, 30, 0.8)",
                         align="center",
-                        font=dict(color="white", size=12)
+                        font=dict(color="white", size=12),
                     ),
                     cells=dict(
                         values=list(zip(*stats_data)),
                         fill_color="rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.6)",
                         align="center",
-                        font=dict(color="white", size=11)
-                    )
+                        font=dict(color="white", size=11),
                     ),
-                row=2, col=2
+                ),
+                row=2,
+                col=2,
             )
 
         # Create informative title
         total_cols = len(metadata.columns)
         title = f"Dataset Overview - {total_examples} samples, {total_cols} columns"
         if total_cols > 5:
-            title += f" (showing first 5)"
+            title += " (showing first 5)"
 
-        fig.update_layout(
-            title=title,
-            height=600,
-            showlegend=False,
-            template="plotly_dark"
-        )
+        fig.update_layout(title=title, height=600, showlegend=False, template="plotly_dark")
 
         return fig
 
@@ -304,10 +283,100 @@ def dataset_overview_plot(dataset) -> Figure:
         return create_styled_error_figure(
             "Dataset Overview Error",
             "An error occurred while generating the dataset overview.",
-            f"Technical details: {str(e)}"
+            f"Technical details: {str(e)}",
         )
 
 
+def _find_class_column(metadata, class_key: str) -> str:
+    """Find the appropriate class column in metadata."""
+    if class_key in metadata.columns:
+        return class_key
+
+    alternatives = ["class", "label", "modulation", "impairment", "use_case"]
+    for alt in alternatives:
+        if alt in metadata.columns:
+            return alt
+    return class_key
+
+
+def _get_sample_data(dataset, sample_idx: int):
+    """Get sample data from dataset, with synthetic fallback."""
+    try:
+        return dataset[sample_idx]
+    except Exception:
+        # Generate synthetic signal based on class
+        n_samples = 1024
+        t = np.linspace(0, 1, n_samples)
+        freq = 0.1 + 0.05 * sample_idx % 5  # Vary frequency by sample
+        sample_data = np.exp(1j * 2 * np.pi * freq * t)
+        # Add some noise
+        sample_data += 0.1 * (np.random.randn(n_samples) + 1j * np.random.randn(n_samples))
+        return sample_data
+
+
+def _calculate_spectrogram_params(n_samples: int) -> tuple[int, int, int, int]:
+    """Calculate spectrogram parameters based on sample length."""
+    if n_samples < 32:
+        raise ValueError(f"Insufficient data: need at least 32 samples, got {n_samples}")
+
+    nperseg = min(256, max(32, n_samples // 4))
+    hop_length = max(1, nperseg // 2)
+
+    # Adjust for very short signals
+    if n_samples < nperseg:
+        nperseg = n_samples
+        hop_length = 1
+
+    n_frames = max(1, (n_samples - nperseg) // hop_length + 1)
+    freq_bins = max(1, nperseg // 2)
+
+    return nperseg, hop_length, n_frames, freq_bins
+
+
+def _compute_spectrogram(sample_data, nperseg: int, hop_length: int, n_frames: int, freq_bins: int):
+    """Compute spectrogram using FFT."""
+    n_samples = len(sample_data)
+    Sxx = np.zeros((freq_bins, n_frames))
+
+    for i in range(n_frames):
+        start_idx = i * hop_length
+        end_idx = min(start_idx + nperseg, n_samples)
+
+        if end_idx > start_idx:
+            windowed = sample_data[start_idx:end_idx]
+
+            # Pad if necessary to maintain nperseg size
+            if len(windowed) < nperseg:
+                windowed = np.pad(windowed, (0, nperseg - len(windowed)), mode="constant")
+
+            fft_result = np.fft.fft(windowed)
+            Sxx[:, i] = np.abs(fft_result[:freq_bins]) ** 2
+
+    return Sxx
+
+
+def _create_spectrogram_figure(Sxx, n_frames: int, hop_length: int, n_samples: int, freq_bins: int,
+                               sample_idx: int, class_key: str, sample_metadata) -> Figure:
+    """Create the plotly figure for the spectrogram."""
+    # Convert to dB
+    Sxx_db = 10 * np.log10(Sxx + 1e-10)
+
+    # Create time and frequency vectors
+    t = np.arange(n_frames) * hop_length / max(1, n_samples)
+    f = np.linspace(0, 0.5, freq_bins)
+
+    # Create plot
+    fig = go.Figure(data=go.Heatmap(z=Sxx_db, x=t, y=f, colorscale="viridis", colorbar=dict(title="Power (dB)")))
+
+    # Add title with metadata
+    title = f"Sample Spectrogram (Index: {sample_idx})"
+    if class_key in sample_metadata:
+        title += f" - {class_key}: {sample_metadata[class_key]}"
+
+    fig.update_layout(title=title, xaxis_title="Time", yaxis_title="Frequency", height=400, template="plotly_dark")
+    return fig
+
+
 def sample_spectrogram_plot(dataset, class_key: str = "modulation", sample_idx: Optional[int] = None) -> Figure:
     """Generate a spectrogram plot from a sample in the dataset."""
     try:
@@ -317,114 +386,36 @@ def sample_spectrogram_plot(dataset, class_key: str = "modulation", sample_idx:
             return create_styled_error_figure(
                 "Spectrogram Not Available",
                 "This dataset doesn't have sufficient signal data for spectrogram visualization.",
-                "Ensure your dataset contains complex-valued signal samples with at least 32 data points per sample."
+                "Ensure your dataset contains complex-valued signal samples with at least 32 data points per sample.",
             )
 
         metadata = dataset.metadata
-        
         if len(metadata) == 0:
             raise ValueError("Dataset is empty")
 
-        # Find class column
-        if class_key not in metadata.columns:
-            alternatives = ["class", "label", "modulation", "impairment", "use_case"]
-            for alt in alternatives:
-                if alt in metadata.columns:
-                    class_key = alt
-                    break
-        
-        # Select sample
+        # Find class column and select sample
+        class_key = _find_class_column(metadata, class_key)
         if sample_idx is None:
             sample_idx = random.randint(0, len(metadata) - 1)
-        
         sample_metadata = metadata.iloc[sample_idx]
 
-        # Try to get actual sample data, fall back to synthetic
-        try:
-            sample_data = dataset[sample_idx]
-        except:
-            # Generate synthetic signal based on class
-            n_samples = 1024
-            t = np.linspace(0, 1, n_samples)
-            freq = 0.1 + 0.05 * sample_idx % 5  # Vary frequency by sample
-            sample_data = np.exp(1j * 2 * np.pi * freq * t)
-            # Add some noise
-            sample_data += 0.1 * (np.random.randn(n_samples) + 1j * np.random.randn(n_samples))
-        
-        # Ensure complex data
+        # Get sample data and ensure it's complex
+        sample_data = _get_sample_data(dataset, sample_idx)
         if not np.iscomplexobj(sample_data):
             sample_data = sample_data.astype(complex)
 
-        # Simple FFT-based spectrogram
+        # Calculate spectrogram parameters and compute spectrogram
         n_samples = len(sample_data)
+        nperseg, hop_length, n_frames, freq_bins = _calculate_spectrogram_params(n_samples)
+        Sxx = _compute_spectrogram(sample_data, nperseg, hop_length, n_frames, freq_bins)
 
-        # Ensure minimum viable data size
-        if n_samples < 32:
-            raise ValueError(f"Insufficient data: need at least 32 samples, got {n_samples}")
-        
-        nperseg = min(256, max(32, n_samples // 4))
-        
-        # Create spectrogram using numpy (no scipy dependency)
-        hop_length = max(1, nperseg // 2)  # Prevent zero hop_length
-        
-        # Ensure we can create at least one frame
-        if n_samples < nperseg:
-            nperseg = n_samples
-            hop_length = 1
-        
-        n_frames = max(1, (n_samples - nperseg) // hop_length + 1)
-        
-        freq_bins = max(1, nperseg // 2)  # Prevent zero frequency bins
-        Sxx = np.zeros((freq_bins, n_frames))
-        
-        for i in range(n_frames):
-            start_idx = i * hop_length
-            end_idx = min(start_idx + nperseg, n_samples)  # Prevent index overflow
-            
-            if end_idx > start_idx:  # Ensure we have data to process
-                windowed = sample_data[start_idx:end_idx]
-                
-                # Pad if necessary to maintain nperseg size
-                if len(windowed) < nperseg:
-                    windowed = np.pad(windowed, (0, nperseg - len(windowed)), mode='constant')
-                
-                fft_result = np.fft.fft(windowed)
-                Sxx[:, i] = np.abs(fft_result[:freq_bins]) ** 2
-        
-        # Convert to dB
-        Sxx_db = 10 * np.log10(Sxx + 1e-10)
-        
-        # Create time and frequency vectors
-        t = np.arange(n_frames) * hop_length / max(1, n_samples)  # Prevent division by zero
-        f = np.linspace(0, 0.5, freq_bins)
-        
-        # Create plot
-        fig = go.Figure(data=go.Heatmap(
-            z=Sxx_db,
-            x=t,
-            y=f,
-            colorscale='viridis',
-            colorbar=dict(title="Power (dB)")
-        ))
-        
-        # Add title with metadata
-        title = f"Sample Spectrogram (Index: {sample_idx})"
-        if class_key in sample_metadata:
-            title += f" - {class_key}: {sample_metadata[class_key]}"
-        
-        fig.update_layout(
-            title=title,
-            xaxis_title="Time",
-            yaxis_title="Frequency", 
-            height=400,
-            template="plotly_dark"
-        )
-        
-        return fig
+        # Create and return the figure
+        return _create_spectrogram_figure(Sxx, n_frames, hop_length, n_samples, freq_bins,
+                                          sample_idx, class_key, sample_metadata)
 
     except Exception as e:
         return create_styled_error_figure(
             "Spectrogram Error",
             "An error occurred while generating the spectrogram plot.",
-            f"Technical details: {str(e)}"
+            f"Technical details: {str(e)}",
         )