Merge branch 'annotationsfix' of https://riahub.ai/qoherent/ria-toolkit-oss into annotationsfix

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Changelog
+
+## [Unreleased] - 2026-02-20
+
+### Added
+- **Dual-Threshold Detection:** Logic to capture the start and end of signals, not just the peak.
+- **Signal Smoothing & Noise Filters:** Prevents detections from breaking into fragments and ignores short interference spikes.
+- **Auto-Frequency Calculation:** Automatically adjusts bounding boxes to fit signal frequency ranges tightly.
+
+### Changed
+- **Signal Power Detection:** Switched from raw signal strength to power for improved accuracy.
+- **CLI Workflow:** `Clear` and `Remove` commands now modify files directly (in-place) to avoid redundant copies.
+- **Metadata Logic:** Updated labels to show detection percentages and overhauled internal metadata cleaning.
+- **Viewer UI:** Moved legend outside the plot, added a black background, and adjusted transparency for better spectrogram visibility.
+
+### Fixed
+- Prevented redundant `_annotated` suffixes in file naming patterns.
+- Simplified internal math to increase processing speed and precision.

src/ria_toolkit_oss/annotations/__init__.py

@@ -1,4 +1,62 @@
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+
+"""
+The annotations package contains tools and utilities for creating, managing, and processing annotations.
+
+Provides automatic annotation generation using various signal detection algorithms:
+- Energy-based detection (detect_signals_energy)
+- CUSUM-based segmentation (annotate_with_cusum)
+- Threshold-based qualification (threshold_qualifier)
+- Signal isolation and extraction (isolate_signal)
+- Occupied bandwidth analysis (calculate_occupied_bandwidth, calculate_nominal_bandwidth)
+
+All detection functions return Recording objects with added annotations.
+"""
+
+__all__ = [
+    # Energy-based detection
+    "detect_signals_energy",
+    "calculate_occupied_bandwidth",
+    "calculate_nominal_bandwidth",
+    "calculate_full_detected_bandwidth",
+    "annotate_with_obw",
+    # CUSUM detection
+    "annotate_with_cusum",
+    # Threshold detection
+    "threshold_qualifier",
+    # Parallel signal separation (Phase 2)
+    "find_spectral_components",
+    "split_annotation_by_components",
+    "split_recording_annotations",
+    # Signal isolation
+    "isolate_signal",
+    # Annotation transforms
+    "remove_contained_boxes",
+    "is_annotation_contained",
+    # Dataset creation
+    "qualify_slice_from_annotations",
+]
+
+from .annotation_transforms import is_annotation_contained, remove_contained_boxes
+from .cusum_annotator import annotate_with_cusum
+from .energy_detector import (
+    annotate_with_obw,
+    calculate_full_detected_bandwidth,
+    calculate_nominal_bandwidth,
+    calculate_occupied_bandwidth,
+    detect_signals_energy,
+)
+from .parallel_signal_separator import (
+    find_spectral_components,
+    split_annotation_by_components,
+    split_recording_annotations,
+)
+from .qualify_slice import qualify_slice_from_annotations
+from .signal_isolation import isolate_signal
+from .threshold_qualifier import threshold_qualifier
+=======
 from .cusum_annotator import annotate_with_cusum
 from .energy_detector import detect_signals_energy
 from .parallel_signal_separator import split_recording_annotations
 from .threshold_qualifier import threshold_qualifier
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4

src/ria_toolkit_oss/annotations/annotation_transforms.py

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+from utils.data.annotation import Annotation
+=======
 from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes.annotation import Annotation
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
 # TODO figure out how to transfer labels in the merge case
 

src/ria_toolkit_oss/annotations/cusum_annotator.py

@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ from typing import Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+from utils.data import Annotation, Recording
+=======
 from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes import Annotation, Recording
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
 
 def annotate_with_cusum(
@@ -24,7 +28,11 @@ def annotate_with_cusum(
     changes between a low and high amplitude.
 
     :param recording: A ``Recording`` object to annotate.
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+    :type recording: ``utils.data.Recording``
+=======
     :type recording: ``ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes.Recording``
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     :param label: Label for the detected segments.
     :type label: str
     :param window_size: The length (in samples) of the moving average window.

src/ria_toolkit_oss/annotations/energy_detector.py

@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ from typing import Tuple
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.signal import filtfilt
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+from utils.data import Annotation, Recording
+=======
 from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes import Annotation, Recording
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
 
 def detect_signals_energy(
@@ -73,8 +77,13 @@ def detect_signals_energy(
 
     **Example**::
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+        >>> from utils.io import load_recording
+        >>> from utils.annotations import detect_signals_energy
+=======
         >>> from ria.io import load_recording
         >>> from ria_toolkit_oss.annotations import detect_signals_energy
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
         >>> recording = load_recording("capture.sigmf")
 
         >>> # Detect with NBW frequency bounds (default, best for real signals)
@@ -347,7 +356,11 @@ def annotate_with_obw(
 
     **Example**::
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+        >>> from utils.annotations import annotate_with_obw
+=======
         >>> from ria_toolkit_oss.annotations import annotate_with_obw
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
         >>> annotated = annotate_with_obw(recording, label="signal_obw")
     """
     signal = recording.data[0]

src/ria_toolkit_oss/annotations/parallel_signal_separator.py

@@ -38,7 +38,11 @@ sub-annotations.
 Example:
     Two WiFi channels captured simultaneously:
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+    >>> from utils.annotations import find_spectral_components
+=======
     >>> from ria_toolkit_oss.annotations import find_spectral_components
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     >>> # Detect the two distinct channels (returns relative frequencies)
     >>> components = find_spectral_components(signal, sampling_rate=20e6)
     >>> print(f"Found {len(components)} components")
@@ -55,7 +59,11 @@ import numpy as np
 from scipy import ndimage
 from scipy import signal as scipy_signal
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+from utils.data import Annotation, Recording
+=======
 from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes import Annotation, Recording
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
 
 def find_spectral_components(
@@ -111,8 +119,13 @@ def find_spectral_components(
 
     **Example**::
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+        >>> from utils.io import load_recording
+        >>> from utils.annotations import find_spectral_components
+=======
         >>> from ria.io import load_recording
         >>> from ria_toolkit_oss.annotations import find_spectral_components
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
         >>> recording = load_recording("capture.sigmf")
         >>> segment = recording.data[0][start:end]
         >>> # Components in relative (baseband) frequency
@@ -241,8 +254,13 @@ def split_annotation_by_components(
 
     **Example**::
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+        >>> from utils.io import load_recording
+        >>> from utils.annotations import split_annotation_by_components
+=======
         >>> from ria.io import load_recording
         >>> from ria_toolkit_oss.annotations import split_annotation_by_components
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
         >>> recording = load_recording("capture.sigmf")
         >>> # Original annotation spans multiple channels
         >>> original = recording.annotations[0]
@@ -369,8 +387,13 @@ def split_recording_annotations(
 
     **Example**::
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+        >>> from utils.io import load_recording
+        >>> from utils.annotations import split_recording_annotations
+=======
         >>> from ria.io import load_recording
         >>> from ria_toolkit_oss.annotations import split_recording_annotations
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
         >>> recording = load_recording("capture.sigmf")
         >>> # Split all annotations
         >>> split_rec = split_recording_annotations(recording)

src/ria_toolkit_oss/annotations/qualify_slice.py

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 import numpy as np
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+from utils.data import Recording
+=======
 from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes import Recording
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
 
 def qualify_slice_from_annotations(recording: Recording, slice_length: int):

src/ria_toolkit_oss/annotations/signal_isolation.py

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 import numpy as np
 from scipy.signal import butter, lfilter
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+from utils.data.annotation import Annotation
+from utils.data.recording import Recording
+=======
 from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes.annotation import Annotation
 from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes.recording import Recording
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
 
 def isolate_signal(recording: Recording, annotation: Annotation) -> Recording:

src/ria_toolkit_oss/annotations/threshold_qualifier.py

@@ -46,17 +46,29 @@ from typing import Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+from utils.data import Annotation, Recording
+
+
+def _find_ranges(indices, window_size):
+=======
 from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes import Annotation, Recording
 
 
 def _find_ranges(indices, max_gap):
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     """
     Groups individual indices into continuous temporal ranges.
 
     Args:
         indices: Array of indices where the signal exceeded a threshold.
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+        window_size: Maximum gap allowed between indices to consider them part
+                     of the same range.
+=======
         max_gap: Maximum gap allowed between indices to consider them part
                  of the same range.
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
     Returns:
         A list of (start, stop) tuples representing detected signal segments.
@@ -65,6 +77,30 @@ def _find_ranges(indices, max_gap):
     if len(indices) == 0:
         return []
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+    ranges = []
+
+    start = indices[0]
+    in_range = False
+
+    for i in range(1, len(indices)):
+        # If the gap between current and previous index is within window_size,
+        # keep the range alive.
+        if indices[i] - indices[i - 1] <= window_size:
+            if not in_range:
+                # Start a new range
+                start = indices[i - 1]
+                in_range = True
+        else:
+            # Gap is too large; close the current range if one was active.
+            if in_range:
+                ranges.append((start, indices[i - 1]))
+                in_range = False
+
+    # Ensure the final segment is captured if the loop ends while in_range.
+    if in_range:
+        ranges.append((start, indices[-1]))
+=======
     start = indices[0]
     prev = indices[0]
     ranges = []
@@ -76,10 +112,19 @@ def _find_ranges(indices, max_gap):
         prev = indices[i]
 
     ranges.append((start, prev))
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
     return ranges
 
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+def threshold_qualifier(
+    recording: Recording,
+    threshold: float,
+    window_size: Optional[int] = 1024,
+    label: Optional[str] = None,
+    annotation_type: Optional[str] = "standalone",
+=======
 def _expand_and_filter_ranges(
     smoothed_power: np.ndarray,
     initial_ranges: list[tuple[int, int]],
@@ -186,6 +231,7 @@ def threshold_qualifier(
     label: Optional[str] = None,
     annotation_type: Optional[str] = "standalone",
     channel: int = 0,
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 ) -> Recording:
     """
     Annotate a recording with bounding boxes for regions above a threshold.
@@ -203,15 +249,27 @@ def threshold_qualifier(
     Args:
         recording: The Recording object containing IQ or real signal data.
         threshold: Sensitivity multiplier (0.0 to 1.0) applied to max power.
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+        window_size: Size of the smoothing filter and max gap for merging hits.
+        label: Custom string label for annotations.
+        annotation_type: Metadata string for the 'type' field in the annotation.
+=======
         window_size: Size of the smoothing filter in samples. Defaults to 1ms worth of samples.
         label: Custom string label for annotations.
         annotation_type: Metadata string for the 'type' field in the annotation.
         channel: Index of the channel to annotate. Defaults to 0.
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
     Returns:
         A new Recording object populated with detected Annotations.
     """
     # Extract signal and metadata
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+    sample_data = recording.data[0]
+    sample_rate = recording.metadata["sample_rate"]
+    center_frequency = recording.metadata.get("center_frequency", 0)
+
+=======
     sample_data = recording.data[channel]
     sample_rate = recording.metadata["sample_rate"]
     center_frequency = recording.metadata.get("center_frequency", 0)
@@ -219,11 +277,69 @@ def threshold_qualifier(
     if window_size is None:
         window_size = max(64, int(sample_rate * 0.001))
 
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     # --- 1. SIGNAL CONDITIONING ---
     # Convert to power (Magnitude squared)
     power_data = np.abs(sample_data) ** 2
     smoothing_window = np.ones(window_size) / window_size
     smoothed_power = np.convolve(power_data, smoothing_window, mode="same")
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+
+    # Define thresholds based on the global peak of the smoothed signal
+    max_power = np.max(smoothed_power)
+    trigger_val = threshold * max_power  # High threshold to trigger detection
+    boundary_val = (threshold / 2) * max_power  # Low threshold to define signal edges
+
+    # --- 2. INITIAL DETECTION ---
+    # Identify indices that strictly exceed the high trigger
+    indices = np.where(smoothed_power > trigger_val)[0]
+    initial_ranges = _find_ranges(indices=indices, window_size=window_size)
+
+    annotations = []
+
+    threshold_base = min(sample_rate, len(sample_data))
+
+    for start, stop in initial_ranges:
+        if (stop - start) < (threshold_base * 0.01):
+            continue
+
+        # --- 3. HYSTERESIS (Boundary Expansion) ---
+        # Search backward from 'start' until power drops below the low boundary_val
+        true_start = start
+        while true_start > 0 and smoothed_power[true_start] > boundary_val:
+            true_start -= 1
+
+        # Search forward from 'stop' until power drops below the low boundary_val
+        true_stop = stop
+        while true_stop < len(smoothed_power) - 1 and smoothed_power[true_stop] > boundary_val:
+            true_stop += 1
+
+        # --- 4. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS (Frequency Detection) ---
+        signal_segment = sample_data[true_start:true_stop]
+        if len(signal_segment) > 0:
+            fft_data = np.abs(np.fft.fftshift(np.fft.fft(signal_segment)))
+            fft_freqs = np.fft.fftshift(np.fft.fftfreq(len(signal_segment), 1 / sample_rate))
+
+            # Determine frequency bounds where spectral energy is > 15% of segment peak
+            spectral_thresh = np.max(fft_data) * 0.15
+            sig_indices = np.where(fft_data > spectral_thresh)[0]
+
+            # Ensure the signal has some spectral width before annotating
+            if len(sig_indices) < 5:
+                continue
+
+            if len(sig_indices) > 0:
+                f_min, f_max = fft_freqs[sig_indices[0]], fft_freqs[sig_indices[-1]]
+            else:
+                # Default to middle half of bandwidth if no clear peaks found
+                f_min, f_max = -sample_rate / 4, sample_rate / 4
+        else:
+            f_min, f_max = -sample_rate / 4, sample_rate / 4
+
+        # --- 5. ANNOTATION GENERATION ---
+        if label is None:
+            label = f"{int(threshold*100)}%"
+=======
     group_gap_samples = _estimate_group_gap(sample_rate)
 
     # Define thresholds using peak relative to baseline.
@@ -326,6 +442,7 @@ def threshold_qualifier(
 
         # --- 5. ANNOTATION GENERATION ---
         ann_label = label if label is not None else f"{int(threshold*100)}%"
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
         # Pack metadata for the UI/Downstream processing
         comment_data = {
@@ -342,7 +459,11 @@ def threshold_qualifier(
             sample_count=true_stop - true_start,
             freq_lower_edge=center_frequency + f_min,
             freq_upper_edge=center_frequency + f_max,
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+            label=label,
+=======
             label=ann_label,
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
             comment=json.dumps(comment_data),
             detail={"generator": "hysteresis_qualifier"},
         )

src/ria_toolkit_oss/data/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+"""
+The Data package contains abstract data types tailored for radio machine learning, such as ``Recording``, as well
+as the abstract interfaces for the radio dataset and radio dataset builder framework.
+"""
+
+__all__ = ["Annotation", "Recording"]
+from .annotation import Annotation
+from .recording import Recording

src/ria_toolkit_oss/data/annotation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from sigmf import SigMFFile
+
+
+class Annotation:
+    """Signal annotations are labels or additional information associated with specific data points or segments within
+    a signal. These annotations could be used for tasks like supervised learning, where the goal is to train a model
+    to recognize patterns or characteristics in the signal associated with these annotations.
+
+    Annotations can be used to label interesting points in your recording.
+
+    :param sample_start: The index of the starting sample of the annotation.
+    :type sample_start: int
+    :param sample_count: The index of the ending sample of the annotation, inclusive.
+    :type sample_count: int
+    :param freq_lower_edge: The lower frequency of the annotation.
+    :type freq_lower_edge: float
+    :param freq_upper_edge: The upper frequency of the annotation.
+    :type freq_upper_edge: float
+    :param label: The label that will be displayed with the bounding box in compatible viewers including IQEngine.
+     Defaults to an emtpy string.
+    :type label: str, optional
+    :param comment: A human-readable comment. Defaults to an empty string.
+    :type comment: str, optional
+    :param detail: A dictionary of user defined annotation-specific metadata. Defaults to None.
+    :type detail: dict, optional
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        sample_start: int,
+        sample_count: int,
+        freq_lower_edge: float,
+        freq_upper_edge: float,
+        label: Optional[str] = "",
+        comment: Optional[str] = "",
+        detail: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ):
+        """Initialize a new Annotation instance."""
+        self.sample_start = int(sample_start)
+        self.sample_count = int(sample_count)
+        self.freq_lower_edge = float(freq_lower_edge)
+        self.freq_upper_edge = float(freq_upper_edge)
+        self.label = str(label)
+        self.comment = str(comment)
+
+        if detail is None:
+            self.detail = {}
+        elif not _is_jsonable(detail):
+            raise ValueError(f"Detail object is not json serializable: {detail}")
+        else:
+            self.detail = detail
+
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check that the annotation sample count is > 0 and the freq_lower_edge<freq_upper_edge.
+
+        :returns: True if valid, False if not.
+        """
+
+        return self.sample_count > 0 and self.freq_lower_edge < self.freq_upper_edge
+
+    def overlap(self, other):
+        """
+        Quantify how much the bounding box in this annotation overlaps with another annotation.
+
+        :param other: The other annotation.
+        :type other: Annotation
+
+        :returns: The area of the overlap in samples*frequency, or 0 if they do not overlap."""
+
+        sample_overlap_start = max(self.sample_start, other.sample_start)
+        sample_overlap_end = min(self.sample_start + self.sample_count, other.sample_start + other.sample_count)
+
+        freq_overlap_start = max(self.freq_lower_edge, other.freq_lower_edge)
+        freq_overlap_end = min(self.freq_upper_edge, other.freq_upper_edge)
+
+        if freq_overlap_start >= freq_overlap_end or sample_overlap_start >= sample_overlap_end:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            return (sample_overlap_end - sample_overlap_start) * (freq_overlap_end - freq_overlap_start)
+
+    def area(self):
+        """
+        The 'area' of the bounding box, samples*frequency.
+        Useful to quantify annotation size.
+
+        :returns: sample length multiplied by bandwidth."""
+
+        return self.sample_count * (self.freq_upper_edge - self.freq_lower_edge)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Annotation) -> bool:
+        return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
+
+    def to_sigmf_format(self):
+        """
+        Returns a JSON dictionary representing this annotation formatted to be saved in a .sigmf-meta file.
+        """
+
+        annotation_dict = {SigMFFile.START_INDEX_KEY: self.sample_start, SigMFFile.LENGTH_INDEX_KEY: self.sample_count}
+
+        annotation_dict["metadata"] = {
+            SigMFFile.LABEL_KEY: self.label,
+            SigMFFile.COMMENT_KEY: self.comment,
+            SigMFFile.FHI_KEY: self.freq_upper_edge,
+            SigMFFile.FLO_KEY: self.freq_lower_edge,
+            "ria:detail": self.detail,
+        }
+
+        if _is_jsonable(annotation_dict):
+            return annotation_dict
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Annotation dictionary was not json serializable.")
+
+
+def _is_jsonable(x: Any) -> bool:
+    """
+    :return: True if x is JSON serializable, False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        json.dumps(x)
+        return True
+    except (TypeError, OverflowError):
+        return False

src/ria_toolkit_oss/data/recording.py

@@ -0,0 +1,853 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy
+import hashlib
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import time
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Iterator, Optional
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
+
+from utils.data.annotation import Annotation
+
+PROTECTED_KEYS = ["rec_id", "timestamp"]
+
+
+class Recording:
+    """Tape of complex IQ (in-phase and quadrature) samples with associated metadata and annotations.
+
+    Recording data is a complex array of shape C x N, where C is the number of channels
+    and N is the number of samples in each channel.
+
+    Metadata is stored in a dictionary of key value pairs,
+    to include information such as sample_rate and center_frequency.
+
+    Annotations are a list of :ref:`Annotation <utils.data.Annotation>`,
+    defining bounding boxes in time and frequency with labels and metadata.
+
+    Here, signal data is represented as a NumPy array. This class is then extended in the RIA Backends to provide
+    support for different data structures, such as Tensors.
+
+    Recordings are long-form tapes can be obtained either from a software-defined radio (SDR) or generated
+    synthetically. Then, machine learning datasets are curated from collection of recordings by segmenting these
+    longer-form tapes into shorter units called slices.
+
+    All recordings are assigned a unique 64-character recording ID, ``rec_id``. If this field is missing from the
+    provided metadata, a new ID will be generated upon object instantiation.
+
+    :param data: Signal data as a tape IQ samples, either C x N complex, where C is the number of
+        channels and N is number of samples in the signal. If data is a one-dimensional array of complex samples with
+        length N, it will be reshaped to a two-dimensional array with dimensions 1 x N.
+    :type data: array_like
+
+    :param metadata: Additional information associated with the recording.
+    :type metadata: dict, optional
+    :param annotations: A collection of ``Annotation`` objects defining bounding boxes.
+    :type annotations: list of Annotations, optional
+
+    :param dtype: Explicitly specify the data-type of the complex samples. Must be a complex NumPy type, such as
+        ``np.complex64`` or ``np.complex128``. Default is None, in which case the type is determined implicitly. If
+        ``data`` is a NumPy array, the Recording will use the dtype of ``data`` directly without any conversion.
+    :type dtype: numpy dtype object, optional
+    :param timestamp: The timestamp when the recording data was generated. If provided, it should be a float or integer
+        representing the time in seconds since epoch (e.g., ``time.time()``). Only used if the `timestamp` field is not
+        present in the provided metadata.
+    :type dtype: float or int, optional
+
+    :raises ValueError: If data is not complex 1xN or CxN.
+    :raises ValueError: If metadata is not a python dict.
+    :raises ValueError: If metadata is not json serializable.
+    :raises ValueError: If annotations is not a list of valid annotation objects.
+
+    **Examples:**
+
+    >>> import numpy
+    >>> from utils.data import Recording, Annotation
+
+    >>> # Create an array of complex samples, just 1s in this case.
+    >>> samples = numpy.ones(10000, dtype=numpy.complex64)
+
+    >>> # Create a dictionary of relevant metadata.
+    >>> sample_rate = 1e6
+    >>> center_frequency = 2.44e9
+    >>> metadata = {
+    ...     "sample_rate": sample_rate,
+    ...     "center_frequency": center_frequency,
+    ...     "author": "me",
+    ... }
+
+    >>> # Create an annotation for the annotations list.
+    >>> annotations = [
+    ...     Annotation(
+    ...         sample_start=0,
+    ...         sample_count=1000,
+    ...         freq_lower_edge=center_frequency - (sample_rate / 2),
+    ...         freq_upper_edge=center_frequency + (sample_rate / 2),
+    ...         label="example",
+    ...     )
+    ... ]
+
+    >>> # Store samples, metadata, and annotations together in a convenient object.
+    >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata, annotations=annotations)
+    >>> print(recording.metadata)
+    {'sample_rate': 1000000.0, 'center_frequency': 2440000000.0, 'author': 'me'}
+    >>> print(recording.annotations[0].label)
+    'example'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(  # noqa C901
+        self,
+        data: ArrayLike | list[list],
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, any]] = None,
+        dtype: Optional[np.dtype] = None,
+        timestamp: Optional[float | int] = None,
+        annotations: Optional[list[Annotation]] = None,
+    ):
+
+        data_arr = np.asarray(data)
+
+        if np.iscomplexobj(data_arr):
+            # Expect C x N
+            if data_arr.ndim == 1:
+                self._data = np.expand_dims(data_arr, axis=0)  # N -> 1 x N
+            elif data_arr.ndim == 2:
+                self._data = data_arr
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Complex data must be C x N.")
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Input data must be complex.")
+
+        if dtype is not None:
+            self._data = self._data.astype(dtype)
+
+        assert np.iscomplexobj(self._data)
+
+        if metadata is None:
+            self._metadata = {}
+        elif isinstance(metadata, dict):
+            self._metadata = metadata
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Metadata must be a python dict, but was {type(metadata)}.")
+
+        if not _is_jsonable(metadata):
+            raise ValueError("Value must be JSON serializable.")
+
+        if "timestamp" not in self.metadata:
+            if timestamp is not None:
+                if not isinstance(timestamp, (int, float)):
+                    raise ValueError(f"timestamp must be int or float, not {type(timestamp)}")
+                self._metadata["timestamp"] = timestamp
+            else:
+                self._metadata["timestamp"] = time.time()
+        else:
+            if not isinstance(self._metadata["timestamp"], (int, float)):
+                raise ValueError("timestamp must be int or float, not ", type(self._metadata["timestamp"]))
+
+        if "rec_id" not in self.metadata:
+            self._metadata["rec_id"] = generate_recording_id(data=self.data, timestamp=self._metadata["timestamp"])
+
+        if annotations is None:
+            self._annotations = []
+        elif isinstance(annotations, list):
+            self._annotations = annotations
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Annotations must be a list or None.")
+
+        if not all(isinstance(annotation, Annotation) for annotation in self._annotations):
+            raise ValueError("All elements in self._annotations must be of type Annotation.")
+
+        self._index = 0
+
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        :return: Recording data, as a complex array.
+        :type: np.ndarray
+
+        .. note::
+
+           For recordings with more than 1,024 samples, this property returns a read-only view of the data.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           To access specific samples, consider indexing the object directly with ``rec[c, n]``.
+        """
+        if self._data.size > 1024:
+            # Returning a read-only view prevents mutation at a distance while maintaining performance.
+            v = self._data.view()
+            v.setflags(write=False)
+            return v
+        else:
+            return self._data.copy()
+
+    @property
+    def metadata(self) -> dict:
+        """
+        :return: Dictionary of recording metadata.
+        :type: dict
+        """
+        return self._metadata.copy()
+
+    @property
+    def annotations(self) -> list[Annotation]:
+        """
+        :return: List of recording annotations
+        :type: list of Annotation objects
+        """
+        return self._annotations.copy()
+
+    @property
+    def shape(self) -> tuple[int]:
+        """
+        :return: The shape of the data array.
+        :type: tuple of ints
+        """
+        return np.shape(self.data)
+
+    @property
+    def n_chan(self) -> int:
+        """
+        :return: The number of channels in the recording.
+        :type: int
+        """
+        return self.shape[0]
+
+    @property
+    def rec_id(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: Recording ID.
+        :type: str
+        """
+        return self.metadata["rec_id"]
+
+    @property
+    def dtype(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: Data-type of the data array's elements.
+        :type: numpy dtype object
+        """
+        return self.data.dtype
+
+    @property
+    def timestamp(self) -> float | int:
+        """
+        :return: Recording timestamp (time in seconds since epoch).
+        :type: float or int
+        """
+        return self.metadata["timestamp"]
+
+    @property
+    def sample_rate(self) -> float | None:
+        """
+        :return: Sample rate of the recording, or None if 'sample_rate' is not in metadata.
+        :type: str
+        """
+        return self.metadata.get("sample_rate")
+
+    @sample_rate.setter
+    def sample_rate(self, sample_rate: float | int) -> None:
+        """Set the sample rate of the recording.
+
+        :param sample_rate: The sample rate of the recording.
+        :type sample_rate: float or int
+
+        :return: None
+        """
+        self.add_to_metadata(key="sample_rate", value=sample_rate)
+
+    def astype(self, dtype: np.dtype) -> Recording:
+        """Copy of the recording, data cast to a specified type.
+
+        .. todo: This method is not yet implemented.
+
+        :param dtype: Data-type to which the array is cast. Must be a complex scalar type, such as ``np.complex64`` or
+            ``np.complex128``.
+        :type dtype: NumPy data type, optional
+
+        .. note: Casting to a data type with less precision can risk losing data by truncating or rounding values,
+          potentially resulting in a loss of accuracy and significant information.
+
+        :return: A new recording with the same metadata and data, with dtype.
+
+        TODO: Add example usage.
+        """
+        # Rather than check for a valid datatype, let's cast and check the result. This makes it easier to provide
+        # cross-platform support where the types are aliased across platforms.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter("ignore")  # Casting may generate user warnings. E.g., complex -> real
+            data = self.data.astype(dtype)
+
+        if np.iscomplexobj(data):
+            return Recording(data=data, metadata=self.metadata, annotations=self.annotations)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("dtype must be a complex number scalar type.")
+
+    def add_to_metadata(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        """Add a new key-value pair to the recording metadata.
+
+        :param key: New metadata key, must be snake_case.
+        :type key: str
+        :param value: Corresponding metadata value.
+        :type value: any
+
+        :raises ValueError: If key is already in metadata or if key is not a valid metadata key.
+        :raises ValueError: If value is not JSON serializable.
+
+        :return: None.
+
+        **Examples:**
+
+        Create a recording and add metadata:
+
+        >>> import numpy
+        >>> from utils.data import Recording
+        >>>
+        >>> samples = numpy.ones(10000, dtype=numpy.complex64)
+        >>> metadata = {
+        >>>     "sample_rate": 1e6,
+        >>>     "center_frequency": 2.44e9,
+        >>> }
+        >>>
+        >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata)
+        >>> print(recording.metadata)
+        {'sample_rate': 1000000.0,
+        'center_frequency': 2440000000.0,
+        'timestamp': 17369...,
+        'rec_id': 'fda0f41...'}
+        >>>
+        >>> recording.add_to_metadata(key="author", value="me")
+        >>> print(recording.metadata)
+        {'sample_rate': 1000000.0,
+        'center_frequency': 2440000000.0,
+        'author': 'me',
+        'timestamp': 17369...,
+        'rec_id': 'fda0f41...'}
+        """
+        if key in self.metadata:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Key {key} already in metadata. Use Recording.update_metadata() to modify existing fields."
+            )
+
+        if not _is_valid_metadata_key(key):
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid metadata key: {key}.")
+
+        if not _is_jsonable(value):
+            raise ValueError("Value must be JSON serializable.")
+
+        self._metadata[key] = value
+
+    def update_metadata(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        """Update the value of an existing metadata key,
+        or add the key value pair if it does not already exist.
+
+        :param key: Existing metadata key.
+        :type key: str
+        :param value: New value to enter at key.
+        :type value: any
+
+        :raises ValueError: If value is not JSON serializable
+        :raises ValueError: If key is protected.
+
+        :return: None.
+
+        **Examples:**
+
+        Create a recording and update metadata:
+
+        >>> import numpy
+        >>> from utils.data import Recording
+
+        >>> samples = numpy.ones(10000, dtype=numpy.complex64)
+        >>> metadata = {
+        >>>     "sample_rate": 1e6,
+        >>>     "center_frequency": 2.44e9,
+        >>>     "author": "me"
+        >>> }
+
+        >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata)
+        >>> print(recording.metadata)
+        {'sample_rate': 1000000.0,
+        'center_frequency': 2440000000.0,
+        'author': "me",
+        'timestamp': 17369...
+        'rec_id': 'fda0f41...'}
+
+        >>> recording.update_metadata(key="author", value=you")
+        >>> print(recording.metadata)
+        {'sample_rate': 1000000.0,
+        'center_frequency': 2440000000.0,
+        'author': "you",
+        'timestamp': 17369...
+        'rec_id': 'fda0f41...'}
+        """
+        if key not in self.metadata:
+            self.add_to_metadata(key=key, value=value)
+
+        if not _is_jsonable(value):
+            raise ValueError("Value must be JSON serializable.")
+
+        if key in PROTECTED_KEYS:  # Check protected keys.
+            raise ValueError(f"Key {key} is protected and cannot be modified or removed.")
+
+        else:
+            self._metadata[key] = value
+
+    def remove_from_metadata(self, key: str):
+        """
+        Remove a key from the recording metadata.
+        Does not remove key if it is protected.
+
+        :param key: The key to remove.
+        :type key: str
+
+        :raises ValueError: If key is protected.
+
+        :return: None.
+
+        **Examples:**
+
+        Create a recording and add metadata:
+
+        >>> import numpy
+        >>> from utils.data import Recording
+
+        >>> samples = numpy.ones(10000, dtype=numpy.complex64)
+        >>> metadata = {
+        ...     "sample_rate": 1e6,
+        ...     "center_frequency": 2.44e9,
+        ... }
+
+        >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata)
+        >>> print(recording.metadata)
+        {'sample_rate': 1000000.0,
+        'center_frequency': 2440000000.0,
+        'timestamp': 17369...,  # Example value
+        'rec_id': 'fda0f41...'}  # Example value
+
+        >>> recording.add_to_metadata(key="author", value="me")
+        >>> print(recording.metadata)
+        {'sample_rate': 1000000.0,
+        'center_frequency': 2440000000.0,
+        'author': 'me',
+        'timestamp': 17369...,  # Example value
+        'rec_id': 'fda0f41...'}  # Example value
+        """
+        if key not in PROTECTED_KEYS:
+            self._metadata.pop(key)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Key {key} is protected and cannot be modified or removed.")
+
+    def view(self, output_path: Optional[str] = "images/signal.png", **kwargs) -> None:
+        """Create a plot of various signal visualizations as a PNG image.
+
+        :param output_path: The output image path. Defaults to "images/signal.png".
+        :type output_path: str, optional
+        :param kwargs: Keyword arguments passed on to utils.view.view_sig.
+        :type: dict of keyword arguments
+
+        **Examples:**
+
+        Create a recording and view it as a plot in a .png image:
+
+        >>> import numpy
+        >>> from utils.data import Recording
+
+        >>> samples = numpy.ones(10000, dtype=numpy.complex64)
+        >>> metadata = {
+        >>>     "sample_rate": 1e6,
+        >>>     "center_frequency": 2.44e9,
+        >>> }
+
+        >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata)
+        >>> recording.view()
+        """
+        from utils.view import view_sig
+
+        view_sig(recording=self, output_path=output_path, **kwargs)
+
+    def simple_view(self, **kwargs) -> None:
+        """Create a plot of various signal visualizations as a PNG or SVG image.
+
+        :param kwargs: Keyword arguments passed on to utils.view.view_signal_simple.create_plots.
+        :type: dict of keyword arguments
+
+        **Examples:**
+
+        Create a recording and view it as a plot in a .png image:
+
+        >>> import numpy
+        >>> from utils.data import Recording
+
+        >>> samples = numpy.ones(10000, dtype=numpy.complex64)
+        >>> metadata = {
+        >>>     "sample_rate": 1e6,
+        >>>     "center_frequency": 2.44e9,
+        >>> }
+
+        >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata)
+        >>> recording.simple_view()
+        """
+        from utils.view.view_signal_simple import view_simple_sig
+
+        view_simple_sig(recording=self, **kwargs)
+
+    def to_sigmf(
+        self, filename: Optional[str] = None, path: Optional[os.PathLike | str] = None, overwrite: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Write recording to a set of SigMF files.
+
+        The SigMF io format is defined by the `SigMF Specification Project <https://github.com/sigmf/SigMF>`_
+
+        :param recording: The recording to be written to file.
+        :type recording: utils.data.Recording
+        :param filename: The name of the file where the recording is to be saved. Defaults to auto generated filename.
+        :type filename: os.PathLike or str, optional
+        :param path: The directory path to where the recording is to be saved. Defaults to recordings/.
+        :type path: os.PathLike or str, optional
+
+        :raises IOError: If there is an issue encountered during the file writing process.
+
+        :return: None
+
+        **Examples:**
+
+        Create a recording and view it as a plot in a `.png` image:
+
+        >>> import numpy
+        >>> from utils.data import Recording
+
+        >>> samples = numpy.ones(10000, dtype=numpy.complex64)
+        >>> metadata = {
+        ...     "sample_rate": 1e6,
+        ...     "center_frequency": 2.44e9,
+        ... }
+
+        >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata)
+        >>> recording.view()
+        """
+        from utils.io.recording import to_sigmf
+
+        to_sigmf(filename=filename, path=path, recording=self, overwrite=overwrite)
+
+    def to_npy(
+        self, filename: Optional[str] = None, path: Optional[os.PathLike | str] = None, overwrite: bool = False
+    ) -> str:
+        """Write recording to ``.npy`` binary file.
+
+        :param filename: The name of the file where the recording is to be saved. Defaults to auto generated filename.
+        :type filename: os.PathLike or str, optional
+        :param path: The directory path to where the recording is to be saved. Defaults to recordings/.
+        :type path: os.PathLike or str, optional
+
+        :raises IOError: If there is an issue encountered during the file writing process.
+
+        :return: Path where the file was saved.
+        :rtype: str
+
+        **Examples:**
+
+        Create a recording and save it to a .npy file:
+
+        >>> import numpy
+        >>> from utils.data import Recording
+
+        >>> samples = numpy.ones(10000, dtype=numpy.complex64)
+        >>> metadata = {
+        >>>     "sample_rate": 1e6,
+        >>>     "center_frequency": 2.44e9,
+        >>> }
+
+        >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata)
+        >>> recording.to_npy()
+        """
+        from utils.io.recording import to_npy
+
+        to_npy(recording=self, filename=filename, path=path, overwrite=overwrite)
+
+    def to_wav(
+        self,
+        filename: Optional[str] = None,
+        path: Optional[os.PathLike | str] = None,
+        target_sample_rate: Optional[int] = 48000,
+        bits_per_sample: int = 32,
+        overwrite: bool = False,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Write recording to WAV file with embedded YAML metadata.
+
+        WAV format uses stereo audio with I (in-phase) in left channel and Q (quadrature) in right channel.
+        Metadata is stored in standard LIST INFO chunks with RF-specific metadata encoded as YAML
+        in the ICMT (comment) field for human readability.
+
+        :param filename: The name of the file where the recording is to be saved. Defaults to auto generated filename.
+        :type filename: os.PathLike or str, optional
+        :param path: The directory path to where the recording is to be saved. Defaults to recordings/.
+        :type path: os.PathLike or str, optional
+        :param target_sample_rate: Sample rate stored in the WAV header when no sample_rate metadata
+            is present. IQ samples are written without decimation or interpolation. Default is 48000 Hz.
+        :type target_sample_rate: int, optional
+        :param bits_per_sample: Bits per sample (32 for float32, 16 for int16). Default is 32.
+        :type bits_per_sample: int, optional
+        :param overwrite: Whether to overwrite existing files. Default is False.
+        :type overwrite: bool, optional
+
+        :raises IOError: If there is an issue encountered during the file writing process.
+
+        :return: Path where the file was saved.
+        :rtype: str
+
+        **Examples:**
+
+        Create a recording and save it to a .wav file:
+
+        >>> import numpy
+        >>> from utils.data import Recording
+        >>> samples = numpy.exp(1j * 2 * numpy.pi * 0.1 * numpy.arange(10000))
+        >>> metadata = {"sample_rate": 1e6, "center_frequency": 915e6}
+        >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata)
+        >>> recording.to_wav()
+        """
+        from utils.io.recording import to_wav
+
+        return to_wav(
+            recording=self,
+            filename=filename,
+            path=path,
+            target_sample_rate=target_sample_rate,
+            bits_per_sample=bits_per_sample,
+            overwrite=overwrite,
+        )
+
+    def to_blue(
+        self,
+        filename: Optional[str] = None,
+        path: Optional[os.PathLike | str] = None,
+        data_format: str = "CI",
+        overwrite: bool = False,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Write recording to MIDAS Blue file format.
+
+        MIDAS Blue is a legacy RF file format with a 512-byte binary header.
+        Commonly used with X-Midas and other RF/radar signal processing tools.
+
+        :param filename: The name of the file where the recording is to be saved. Defaults to auto generated filename.
+        :type filename: os.PathLike or str, optional
+        :param path: The directory path to where the recording is to be saved. Defaults to recordings/.
+        :type path: os.PathLike or str, optional
+        :param data_format: Format code (default 'CI' = complex int16).
+            Common formats: 'CI' (complex int16), 'CF' (complex float32), 'CD' (complex float64).
+            Integer formats require the IQ samples to already be scaled within [-1, 1).
+        :type data_format: str, optional
+        :param overwrite: Whether to overwrite existing files. Default is False.
+        :type overwrite: bool, optional
+
+        :raises IOError: If there is an issue encountered during the file writing process.
+
+        :return: Path where the file was saved.
+        :rtype: str
+
+        **Examples:**
+
+        Create a recording and save it to a .blue file:
+
+        >>> import numpy
+        >>> from utils.data import Recording
+        >>> samples = numpy.ones(10000, dtype=numpy.complex64)
+        >>> metadata = {"sample_rate": 1e6, "center_frequency": 2.44e9}
+        >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata)
+        >>> recording.to_blue()
+        """
+        from utils.io.recording import to_blue
+
+        return to_blue(recording=self, filename=filename, path=path, data_format=data_format, overwrite=overwrite)
+
+    def trim(self, num_samples: int, start_sample: Optional[int] = 0) -> Recording:
+        """Trim Recording samples to a desired length, shifting annotations to maintain alignment.
+
+         :param start_sample: The start index of the desired trimmed recording. Defaults to 0.
+         :type start_sample: int, optional
+         :param num_samples: The number of samples that the output trimmed recording will have.
+         :type num_samples: int
+         :raises IndexError: If start_sample + num_samples is greater than the length of the recording.
+         :raises IndexError: If sample_start < 0 or num_samples < 0.
+
+         :return: The trimmed Recording.
+         :rtype: Recording
+
+        **Examples:**
+
+         Create a recording and trim it:
+
+         >>> import numpy
+         >>> from utils.data import Recording
+
+         >>> samples = numpy.ones(10000, dtype=numpy.complex64)
+         >>> metadata = {
+         ...     "sample_rate": 1e6,
+         ...     "center_frequency": 2.44e9,
+         ... }
+
+         >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata)
+         >>> print(len(recording))
+         10000
+
+         >>> trimmed_recording = recording.trim(start_sample=1000, num_samples=1000)
+         >>> print(len(trimmed_recording))
+         1000
+        """
+
+        if start_sample < 0:
+            raise IndexError("start_sample cannot be < 0.")
+        elif start_sample + num_samples > len(self):
+            raise IndexError(
+                f"start_sample {start_sample} + num_samples {num_samples} > recording length {len(self)}."
+            )
+
+        end_sample = start_sample + num_samples
+
+        data = self.data[:, start_sample:end_sample]
+
+        new_annotations = copy.deepcopy(self.annotations)
+        for annotation in new_annotations:
+            # trim annotation if it goes outside the trim boundaries
+            if annotation.sample_start < start_sample:
+                annotation.sample_count = annotation.sample_count - (start_sample - annotation.sample_start)
+                annotation.sample_start = start_sample
+
+            if annotation.sample_start + annotation.sample_count > end_sample:
+                annotation.sample_count = end_sample - annotation.sample_start
+
+            # shift annotation to align with the new start point
+            annotation.sample_start = annotation.sample_start - start_sample
+
+        return Recording(data=data, metadata=self.metadata, annotations=new_annotations)
+
+    def normalize(self) -> Recording:
+        """Scale the recording data, relative to its maximum value, so that the magnitude of the maximum sample is 1.
+
+        :return: Recording where the maximum sample amplitude is 1.
+        :rtype: Recording
+
+        **Examples:**
+
+        Create a recording with maximum amplitude 0.5 and normalize to a maximum amplitude of 1:
+
+        >>> import numpy
+        >>> from utils.data import Recording
+
+        >>> samples = numpy.ones(10000, dtype=numpy.complex64) * 0.5
+        >>> metadata = {
+        ...     "sample_rate": 1e6,
+        ...     "center_frequency": 2.44e9,
+        ... }
+
+        >>> recording = Recording(data=samples, metadata=metadata)
+        >>> print(numpy.max(numpy.abs(recording.data)))
+        0.5
+
+        >>> normalized_recording = recording.normalize()
+        >>> print(numpy.max(numpy.abs(normalized_recording.data)))
+        1
+        """
+        scaled_data = self.data / np.max(abs(self.data))
+        return Recording(data=scaled_data, metadata=self.metadata, annotations=self.annotations)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """The length of a recording is defined by the number of complex samples in each channel of the recording."""
+        return self.shape[1]
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Recording) -> bool:
+        """Two Recordings are equal if all data, metadata, and annotations are the same."""
+
+        # counter used to allow for differently ordered annotation lists
+        return (
+            np.array_equal(self.data, other.data)
+            and self.metadata == other.metadata
+            and self.annotations == other.annotations
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Recording) -> bool:
+        """Two Recordings are equal if all data, and metadata, and annotations are the same."""
+        return not self.__eq__(other=other)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator:
+        self._index = 0
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self) -> np.ndarray:
+        if self._index < self.n_chan:
+            to_ret = self.data[self._index]
+            self._index += 1
+            return to_ret
+        else:
+            raise StopIteration
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: int | tuple[int] | slice) -> np.ndarray | np.complexfloating:
+        """If key is an integer, tuple of integers, or a slice, return the corresponding samples.
+
+        For arrays with 1,024 or fewer samples, return a copy of the recording data. For larger arrays, return a
+        read-only view. This prevents mutation at a distance while maintaining performance.
+        """
+        if isinstance(key, (int, tuple, slice)):
+            v = self._data[key]
+            if isinstance(v, np.complexfloating):
+                return v
+            elif v.size > 1024:
+                v.setflags(write=False)  # Make view read-only.
+                return v
+            else:
+                return v.copy()
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Key must be an integer, tuple, or slice but was {type(key)}.")
+
+    def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+        """Raise an error if an attempt is made to assign to the recording."""
+        raise ValueError("Assignment to Recording is not allowed.")
+
+
+def generate_recording_id(data: np.ndarray, timestamp: Optional[float | int] = None) -> str:
+    """Generate unique 64-character recording ID. The recording ID is generated by hashing the recording data with
+    the datetime that the recording data was generated. If no datatime is provided, the current datatime is used.
+
+    :param data: Tape of IQ samples, as a NumPy array.
+    :type data: np.ndarray
+    :param timestamp: Unix timestamp in seconds. Defaults to None.
+    :type timestamp: float or int, optional
+
+    :return: 256-character hash, to be used as the recording ID.
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    if timestamp is None:
+        timestamp = time.time()
+
+    byte_sequence = data.tobytes() + str(timestamp).encode("utf-8")
+    sha256_hash = hashlib.sha256(byte_sequence)
+
+    return sha256_hash.hexdigest()
+
+
+def _is_jsonable(x: Any) -> bool:
+    """
+    :return: True if x is JSON serializable, False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        json.dumps(x)
+        return True
+    except (TypeError, OverflowError):
+        return False
+
+
+def _is_valid_metadata_key(key: Any) -> bool:
+    """
+    :return: True if key is a valid metadata key, False otherwise.
+    """
+    if isinstance(key, str) and key.islower() and re.match(pattern=r"^[a-z_]+$", string=key) is not None:
+        return True
+
+    else:
+        return False

src/ria_toolkit_oss/view/view_signal.py

@@ -7,18 +7,14 @@ import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 from matplotlib.patches import Patch
 import numpy as np
 from matplotlib import gridspec
+from matplotlib.patches import Patch
 from PIL import Image
 from scipy.fft import fft, fftshift
 from scipy.signal import spectrogram
 from scipy.signal.windows import hann
 
-from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes.recording import Recording
+from utils.data.recording import Recording
-from ria_toolkit_oss.view.tools import (
+from utils.view.tools import COLORS, decimate, extract_metadata_fields, set_path
-    COLORS,
-    decimate,
-    extract_metadata_fields,
-    set_path,
-)
 
 
 def get_fft_size(plot_length):
@@ -62,6 +58,17 @@ def view_annotations(
     sample_rate, center_frequency, _ = extract_metadata_fields(recording.metadata)
     annotations = recording.annotations
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+    # 2. Setup Color Mapping (No more hardcoded yellow fallback!)
+    # available_colors = [
+    #     COLORS.get("magenta", "magenta"),
+    #     COLORS.get("accent", "cyan"),
+    #     COLORS.get("light", "white"),
+    #     "lime",
+    # ]
+
+    palette = ["#FF00FF", "#00FF00", "#00FFFF", "#FFFF00", "#FF8000"]
+=======
     # 2. Setup Color Mapping
     available_colors = [
         COLORS.get("magenta", "magenta"),
@@ -71,6 +78,7 @@ def view_annotations(
     ]
 
     palette = ["#2196F3", "#9C27B0", "#64B5F6", "#7B1FA2", "#5C6BC0", "#CE93D8", "#1565C0", "#7C4DFF"]
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     unique_labels = sorted(list(set(ann.label for ann in annotations if ann.label)))
     label_to_color = {label: palette[i % len(palette)] for i, label in enumerate(unique_labels)}
 
@@ -79,6 +87,11 @@ def view_annotations(
         complex_signal, NFFT=256, Fs=sample_rate, Fc=center_frequency, noverlap=128, cmap="twilight"
     )
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+    # 4. Draw Annotations
+    for annotation in annotations:
+        # --- DEFINING VARIABLES FIRST ---
+=======
     # 4. Draw Annotations (highest threshold % first so lower % renders on top)
     def _threshold_sort_key(ann):
         try:
@@ -87,13 +100,21 @@ def view_annotations(
             return 0
 
     for annotation in sorted(annotations, key=_threshold_sort_key, reverse=True):
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
         t_start = annotation.sample_start / sample_rate
         t_width = annotation.sample_count / sample_rate
         f_start = annotation.freq_lower_edge
         f_height = annotation.freq_upper_edge - annotation.freq_lower_edge
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+        # Look up the color for this specific label
         ann_color = label_to_color.get(annotation.label, "gray")
 
+        # Draw the Rectangle
+=======
+        ann_color = label_to_color.get(annotation.label, "gray")
+
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
         rect = plt.Rectangle(
             (t_start, f_start), t_width, f_height, linewidth=1.5, edgecolor=ann_color, facecolor="none", alpha=0.8
         )
@@ -109,7 +130,11 @@ def view_annotations(
     ax.set_title(title, fontsize=title_fontsize, pad=20)
     ax.set_xlabel("Time (s)", fontsize=12)
     ax.set_ylabel("Frequency (MHz)", fontsize=12)
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+    ax.grid(alpha=0.1)  # Add faint grid
+=======
     ax.grid(alpha=0.1)
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
     output_path, _ = set_path(output_path=output_path)
     plt.savefig(output_path, dpi=dpi, bbox_inches="tight")
@@ -287,9 +312,7 @@ def view_sig(
         )
 
         set_spines(spec_ax, spines)
-        spec_ax.set_title("Spectrogram", fontsize=subtitle_fontsize)
+        spec_ax.set_title("Spectrogram", loc="center", fontsize=subtitle_fontsize)
-        spec_ax.set_ylabel("Frequency (Hz)")
-        spec_ax.set_xlabel("Time (s)")
 
     if iq:
         iq_ax = plt.subplot(gs[plot_y_indx : plot_y_indx + 2, :])
@@ -373,7 +396,11 @@ def view_sig(
         set_spines(meta_ax, spines)
 
     if logo and os.path.isfile(logo_path):
-        logo_ax = plt.subplot(gs[plot_y_indx + 2 :, 2])
+        # logo_ax = plt.subplot(gs[plot_y_indx:, 2])
+        logo_pos = [0.75, 0.05, 0.2, 0.08]
+        logo_ax = fig.add_axes(logo_pos, anchor="SE", zorder=10)
+        plot_x_indx = plot_x_indx + 1
+
         logo_ax.axis("off")
 
         try:
@@ -392,7 +419,6 @@ def view_sig(
         hspace=2.5,  # Vertical space between subplots
     )
 
-    # save path handling
     output_path, _ = set_path(output_path=output_path)
     plt.savefig(output_path, dpi=dpi)
     print(f"Saved signal plot to {output_path}")

src/ria_toolkit_oss/view/view_signal_simple.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import gc
+import json
 from typing import Optional
 
 import matplotlib
@@ -11,13 +12,54 @@ import numpy as np
 from scipy.fft import fft, fftshift
 from scipy.signal.windows import hann
 
-from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes.recording import Recording
+from utils.data.recording import Recording
-from ria_toolkit_oss.view.tools import (
+from utils.view.tools import COLORS, decimate, extract_metadata_fields, set_path
-    COLORS,
+
-    decimate,
+
-    extract_metadata_fields,
+def _add_annotations(annotations, compact_mode, show_labels, sample_rate_hz, center_freq_hz, ax2):
-    set_path,
+    if annotations and not compact_mode:
-)
+        for annotation in annotations:
+            start_idx = annotation.get("core:sample_start", 0)
+            length = annotation.get("core:sample_count", 0)
+            start_time = start_idx / sample_rate_hz
+            end_time = (start_idx + length) / sample_rate_hz
+            freq_low = annotation.get("core:freq_lower_edge", center_freq_hz - sample_rate_hz / 4)
+            freq_high = annotation.get("core:freq_upper_edge", center_freq_hz + sample_rate_hz / 4)
+            comment = annotation.get("core:comment", "{}")
+
+            try:
+                comment_data = json.loads(comment) if isinstance(comment, str) else comment
+                ann_type = comment_data.get("type", "unknown")
+                if ann_type == "intersection":
+                    color = COLORS["success"]
+                elif ann_type == "parallel":
+                    color = COLORS["primary"]
+                elif ann_type == "standalone":
+                    color = COLORS["warning"]
+                else:
+                    color = COLORS["error"]
+            except Exception:
+                color = COLORS["error"]
+
+            rect = plt.Rectangle(
+                (start_time, freq_low),
+                end_time - start_time,
+                freq_high - freq_low,
+                color=color,
+                alpha=0.4,
+                linewidth=2,
+            )
+            ax2.add_patch(rect)
+            if show_labels:
+                label = annotation.get("core:label", "Signal")
+                ax2.text(
+                    start_time,
+                    freq_high,
+                    label,
+                    color=COLORS["light"],
+                    fontsize=10,
+                    bbox=dict(boxstyle="round,pad=0.2", facecolor=color, alpha=0.7),
+                )
 
 
 def _get_nfft_size(signal, fast_mode):
@@ -138,6 +180,7 @@ def detect_constellation_symbols(signal: np.ndarray, method: str = "differential
 
 def view_simple_sig(
     recording: Recording,
+    annotations: Optional[list] = None,
     output_path: Optional[str] = "images/signal.png",
     saveplot: Optional[bool] = True,
     fast_mode: Optional[bool] = False,
@@ -261,6 +304,15 @@ def view_simple_sig(
 
         ax2.set_title("Spectrogram", loc="left", pad=10)
 
+    _add_annotations(
+        annotations=annotations,
+        compact_mode=compact_mode,
+        show_labels=show_labels,
+        sample_rate_hz=sample_rate_hz,
+        center_freq_hz=center_freq_hz,
+        ax2=ax2,
+    )
+
     if ax_constellation is not None:
         constellation_samples = _get_plot_samples(signal=signal, fast_mode=fast_mode, slow_max=50_000, fast_max=20_000)
         method = "differential" if fast_mode else "combined"
@@ -310,7 +362,7 @@ def view_simple_sig(
     else:
         plt.tight_layout()
         if show_title:
-            plt.subplots_adjust(top=0.90)
+            plt.subplots_adjust(top=0.92)
 
     if saveplot:
         output_path, extension = set_path(output_path=output_path)

src/ria_toolkit_oss_cli/ria_toolkit_oss/annotate.py

@@ -11,8 +11,13 @@ from ria_toolkit_oss.annotations import (
     split_recording_annotations,
     threshold_qualifier,
 )
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+from ria_toolkit_oss.data import Annotation
+from ria_toolkit_oss.data.recording import Recording
+=======
 from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes import Annotation
 from ria_toolkit_oss.datatypes.recording import Recording
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 from ria_toolkit_oss.io import load_recording, to_blue, to_npy, to_sigmf, to_wav
 from ria_toolkit_oss_cli.ria_toolkit_oss.common import format_frequency, format_sample_count
 
@@ -50,6 +55,15 @@ def detect_input_format(filepath):
 
 def determine_output_path(input_path, output_path, fmt, quiet, overwrite):
     input_path = Path(input_path)
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+
+    if output_path:
+        target = Path(output_path)
+        final_path = target
+    else:
+        annotated_name = f"{input_path.stem}_annotated"
+        target = input_path.with_name(f"{annotated_name}{input_path.suffix}")
+=======
     input_is_annotated = input_path.stem.endswith("_annotated")
 
     if output_path:
@@ -59,6 +73,7 @@ def determine_output_path(input_path, output_path, fmt, quiet, overwrite):
         target = input_path
     else:
         target = input_path.with_name(f"{input_path.stem}_annotated{input_path.suffix}")
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
     if fmt == "sigmf":
         final_path = normalize_sigmf_path(target)
@@ -69,10 +84,15 @@ def determine_output_path(input_path, output_path, fmt, quiet, overwrite):
         if not quiet:
             click.echo(f"Saving to: {final_path}")
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+    if final_path.exists() and not overwrite and final_path != input_path:
+        click.echo(f"Error: {final_path} already exists. Use --overwrite to replace it.", err=True)
+=======
     # Always allow writing to _annotated files; guard against overwriting originals
     target_is_annotated = final_path.stem.endswith("_annotated")
     if final_path.exists() and not target_is_annotated and final_path != input_path:
         click.echo(f"Error: {final_path} is not an annotated file and cannot be overwritten.", err=True)
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
         return None
 
     return final_path
@@ -230,8 +250,13 @@ def list(input, verbose):
 
     \b
     Examples:
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+      utils annotate list recording.sigmf-data
+      utils annotate list signal.npy --verbose
+=======
       ria annotate list recording.sigmf-data
       ria annotate list signal.npy --verbose
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     """
     try:
         recording = load_recording(input)
@@ -299,8 +324,13 @@ def add(input, start, count, label, freq_lower, freq_upper, comment, annotation_
 
     \b
     Examples:
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+      utils annotate add file.npy --start 1000 --count 500 --label wifi
+      utils annotate add signal.sigmf-data --start 0 --count 1000 --label burst --comment "Strong signal"
+=======
       ria annotate add file.npy --start 1000 --count 500 --label wifi
       ria annotate add signal.sigmf-data --start 0 --count 1000 --label burst --comment "Strong signal"
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     """
     try:
         recording = load_recording(input)
@@ -382,12 +412,21 @@ def add(input, start, count, label, freq_lower, freq_upper, comment, annotation_
 def remove(input, index, output, overwrite, quiet):
     """Remove annotation by index.
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+    Use 'utils annotate list' to see annotation indices.
+
+    \b
+    Examples:
+      utils annotate remove signal.sigmf-data 2
+      utils annotate remove file.npy 0
+=======
     Use 'ria annotate list' to see annotation indices.
 
     \b
     Examples:
       ria annotate remove signal.sigmf-data 2
       ria annotate remove file.npy 0
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     """
     try:
         recording = load_recording(input)
@@ -436,8 +475,13 @@ def clear(input, output, overwrite, force, quiet):
 
     \b
     Examples:
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+      utils annotate clear signal.sigmf-data
+      utils annotate clear file.npy --force
+=======
       ria annotate clear signal.sigmf-data
       ria annotate clear file.npy --force
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     """
     try:
         recording = load_recording(input)
@@ -532,10 +576,17 @@ def energy(
 
     \b
     Examples:
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+      utils annotate energy capture.sigmf-data --label burst
+      utils annotate energy signal.npy --threshold 1.5 --min-distance 10000
+      utils annotate energy signal.sigmf-data --freq-method obw
+      utils annotate energy signal.sigmf-data --freq-method full-detected
+=======
       ria annotate energy capture.sigmf-data --label burst
       ria annotate energy signal.npy --threshold 1.5 --min-distance 10000
       ria annotate energy signal.sigmf-data --freq-method obw
       ria annotate energy signal.sigmf-data --freq-method full-detected
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
     """
     try:
@@ -611,8 +662,13 @@ def cusum(input, label, min_duration, window_size, tolerance, annotation_type, o
 
     \b
     Examples:
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+      utils annotate cusum signal.sigmf-data --min-duration 5.0
+      utils annotate cusum data.npy --min-duration 10.0 --label state
+=======
       ria annotate cusum signal.sigmf-data --min-duration 5.0
       ria annotate cusum data.npy --min-duration 10.0 --label state
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     """
     try:
         recording = load_recording(input)
@@ -658,7 +714,11 @@ def cusum(input, label, min_duration, window_size, tolerance, annotation_type, o
 @click.argument("input", type=click.Path(exists=True))
 @click.option("--threshold", type=float, required=True, help="Threshold (0.0-1.0, fraction of max magnitude)")
 @click.option("--label", type=str, default=None, help="Annotation label")
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+@click.option("--window-size", type=int, default=1024, help="Smoothing window size")
+=======
 @click.option("--window-size", type=int, default=None, help="Smoothing window size in samples (default: 1ms at recording sample rate)")
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 @click.option(
     "--type",
     "annotation_type",
@@ -666,11 +726,18 @@ def cusum(input, label, min_duration, window_size, tolerance, annotation_type, o
     default="standalone",
     help="Annotation type",
 )
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+@click.option("--output", "-o", type=click.Path(), help="Output file path")
+@click.option("--overwrite", is_flag=True, help="Overwrite input file (non-SigMF only)")
+@click.option("--quiet", is_flag=True, help="Quiet mode")
+def threshold(input, threshold, label, window_size, annotation_type, output, overwrite, quiet):
+=======
 @click.option("--channel", type=int, default=0, help="Channel index to annotate (default: 0)")
 @click.option("--output", "-o", type=click.Path(), help="Output file path")
 @click.option("--overwrite", is_flag=True, help="Overwrite input file (non-SigMF only)")
 @click.option("--quiet", is_flag=True, help="Quiet mode")
 def threshold(input, threshold, label, window_size, annotation_type, channel, output, overwrite, quiet):
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     """Auto-detect signals using threshold method.
 
     Detects samples above a percentage of maximum magnitude. Best for simple
@@ -678,8 +745,13 @@ def threshold(input, threshold, label, window_size, annotation_type, channel, ou
 
     \b
     Examples:
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+      utils annotate threshold signal.sigmf-data --threshold 0.7 --label wifi
+      utils annotate threshold data.npy --threshold 0.5 --window-size 2048
+=======
       ria annotate threshold signal.sigmf-data --threshold 0.7 --label wifi
       ria annotate threshold data.npy --threshold 0.5 --window-size 2048
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
     """
     if not (0.0 <= threshold <= 1.0):
         raise click.ClickException(f"--threshold must be between 0.0 and 1.0, got {threshold}")
@@ -694,8 +766,12 @@ def threshold(input, threshold, label, window_size, annotation_type, channel, ou
     if not quiet:
         click.echo("\nDetecting signals using threshold qualifier...")
         click.echo(f"  Threshold: {threshold * 100:.1f}% of max magnitude")
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+        click.echo(f"  Window size: {window_size} samples")
+=======
         click.echo(f"  Window size: {'auto (1ms)' if window_size is None else f'{window_size} samples'}")
         click.echo(f"  Channel: {channel}")
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
     try:
         initial_count = len(recording.annotations)
@@ -705,7 +781,10 @@ def threshold(input, threshold, label, window_size, annotation_type, channel, ou
             window_size=window_size,
             label=label,
             annotation_type=annotation_type,
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+=======
             channel=channel,
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
         )
         added = len(recording.annotations) - initial_count
 
@@ -754,10 +833,17 @@ def separate(input, indices, nfft, noise_threshold_db, min_component_bw, output,
 
     \b
     Examples:
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+      utils annotate separate capture.sigmf-data
+      utils annotate separate signal.npy --indices 0,1,2
+      utils annotate separate data.sigmf-data --noise-threshold-db -70
+      utils annotate separate signal.npy --min-component-bw 100000
+=======
       ria annotate separate capture.sigmf-data
       ria annotate separate signal.npy --indices 0,1,2
       ria annotate separate data.sigmf-data --noise-threshold-db -70
       ria annotate separate signal.npy --min-component-bw 100000
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 
     """
     try:

src/ria_toolkit_oss_cli/ria_toolkit_oss/commands.py

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@
 """
 This module contains all the CLI bindings for the ria package.
 """
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+=======
 
+>>>>>>> 2bb2d9d5a780dbc17172135a5a1f10eba14b1af4
 from .annotate import annotate
 from .capture import capture
 from .combine import combine
@@ -17,7 +20,7 @@ from .init import init
 from .split import split
 from .transform import transform
 from .transmit import transmit
-from .view import view
+from .view import viewe 
 
 # Aliases
 synth = generate

src/ria_toolkit_oss_cli/ria_toolkit_oss/view.py

@@ -33,6 +33,11 @@ VISUALIZATION_TYPES = {
             "dark",
             "spines",
         ],
+    },
+        "annotations": {
+        "function": view_annotations,
+        "description": "Annotation-focused spectrogram view",
+        "options": ["channel", "dark"],
     },
     "channels": {"function": view_channels, "description": "Multi-channel IQ and spectrogram view", "options": []},
     "annotations": {"function": view_annotations, "description": "Annotated spectrogram view", "options": ["channel", "dark"]},